磁铁矿活化过硫酸钠降解泥浆体系中的三氯乙烯

研究了磁铁矿活化过硫酸钠技术氧化泥浆系统中三氯乙烯(TCE)的效果.同时,考察了Fe2+、Cl-和HCO-3对TCE降解过程的影响,并采用有机碳含量不同的2种天然土壤,以及用H2O2去除低聚合"软碳"和高温灼烧去除全部有机碳后所得到的2种土壤,考察了有机质含量对TCE降解的影响,检测了反应过程中有机质的变化.结果表明,在中性pH值条件下,磁铁矿活化过硫酸钠是表面活化反应,反应产物为α-Fe2O3,TCE氧化降解过程符合准一级反应动力学方程.在初始TCE浓度20 mg·L-1、磁铁矿投量20 g·L-1时,TCE在48 h后的去除率达到97%.Fe2+对反应有促进作用,Cl-和HCO-3均会对反应起到抑制作用,其中,HCO-3的抑制作用强于Cl-.TCE降解速率受土壤有机质含量影响较大,土壤去除有机质(SOM)后TCE的降解速率明显加快.通过检测有机质变化发现,过硫酸钠对有机质的去除较小,有机质对TCE降解的抑制可能是通过消耗过硫酸钠、表面消耗自由基和对有机污染物的竞争吸附等多种途径引起的.     

腐殖酸改性针铁矿对铀U（Ⅵ）的吸附性能及机理研究

通过人工合成的方法制得腐殖酸改性针铁矿(HA-α-FeOOH),考察了吸附时间、吸附剂用量、U(Ⅵ)初始浓度和pH值等因素对吸附U(Ⅵ)过程的影响.同时,利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)分析了其对U(Ⅵ)的吸附机理.试验结果表明,在25℃、pH为4的条件下,腐殖酸改性针铁矿作用4 h对5 mg·L-1的含铀废水的去除率几乎达到100%.Freundlich等温吸附模型、准二级动力学模型对吸附过程的拟合效果较好,主要吸附模式为多层吸附;改性针铁矿对U(Ⅵ)的吸附是自发的吸热反应.SEM-EDS和FIIR分析结果表明,改性针铁矿吸附U(Ⅵ)的机理主要表现为内层络合作用及离子交换,与U(Ⅵ)作用的基团主要是羟基、酚羟基和羧基.     

表面活性剂对以污泥为铝源制得的纳米Al（OH）3性质的影响研究

以污泥碳(SC)中回收的铝酸钠为铝源,在制备Al(OH)3的过程中加入表面活性剂PEG-1000(比例在0.01%~0.6%变化),考察其对Al(OH)3表面形貌和结构的影响.研究发现,当加入PEG-1000比例较小时,其空间位阻作用抑制了粒子之间的键合作用,使得Al(OH)3的沉淀效率较高、粒子尺寸较小,也能有效地阻止颗粒的团聚,SBET可以达到340 m2·g-1以上.当PEG-1000加入比例较大时,Al3+的沉淀效率逐渐降低,所得Al(OH)3粒子的尺寸变大,Al(OH)3的SBET和孔体积逐渐变小,平均孔径变大;原因是增多的PEG-1000分子会被包进Al(OH)3的结构中,限制了PEG-1000的表面交联和吸附,使空间位阻效应变差.—CH2—振动峰的出现说明PEG-1000是通过形成化学键的方式连接在Al(OH)3的表面基团上.PEG-1000的使用对于以污泥为铝源制备分散性好、尺寸较小和SBET较大的非晶态Al(OH)3具有重要作用.     

Effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in treatment of coal chemical industry wastewater using moving bed biofilm reactor

Nitrogen removal via nitrite （the nitrite pathway） is more suitable for carbon-limited industrial wastewater. Partial nitrification to nitrite is the primary step to achieve nitrogen removal via nitrite. The effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in a continuous process was investigated by progressively increasing the alkalinity dosage ratio （amount of alkalinity to ammonia ratio, mol/mol）. There is a close relationship among alkalinity, pH and the state of matter present in aqueous solution. When alkalinity was insufficient （compared to the theoretical alkalinity amount）, ammonia removal efficiency increased first and then decreased at each alkalinity dosage ratio, with an abrupt removal efficiency peak. Generally, ammonia removal efficiency rose with increasing alkalinity dosage ratio. Ammonia removal efficiency reached to 88% from 23% when alkalinity addition was sufficient. Nitrite accumulation could be achieved by inhibiting nitrite oxidizing bacteria （NOB） by free ammonia （FA） in the early period and free nitrous acid in the later period of nitrification when alkalinity was not adequate. Only FA worked to inhibit the activity of NOB when alkalinity addition was sufficient.     

Combination of heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction and photocatalysis using Co-TiO2 nanocatalyst for activation of KHSO5 with visible light irradiation at ambient conditions

A novel coupled system using Co–Ti O2 was successfully designed which combined two different heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes, sulfate radical based Fenton-like reaction（SR-Fenton） and visible light photocatalysis（Vis-Photo）, for degradation of organic contaminants. The synergistic effect of SR-Fenton and Vis-Photo was observed through comparative tests of 50 mg/L Rhodamine B（Rh B） degradation and TOC removal. The Rhodamine B degradation rate and TOC removal were 100% and 68.1% using the SR-Fenton/Vis-Photo combined process under ambient conditions, respectively. Moreover, based on XRD, XPS and UV-DRS characterization, it can be deduced that tricobalt tetroxide located on the surface of the catalyst is the SR-Fenton active site, and cobalt ion implanted in the Ti O2 lattice is the reason for the visible light photocatalytic activity of Co–Ti O2. Finally, the effects of the calcination temperature and cobalt concentration on the synergistic performance were also investigated and a possible mechanism for the synergistic system was proposed. This coupled system exhibited excellent catalytic stability and reusability,and almost no dissolution of Co2＋was found.     

Seasonality of selected surface water constituents in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida

Seasonality is often the major exogenous effect that must be compensated for or removed to discern trends in water quality. Our objective was to provide a methodological example of trend analysis using water quality data with seasonality. Selected water quality constituents from 1979 to 2004 at three monitoring stations in southern Florida were evaluated for seasonality. The seasonal patterns of flow-weighted and log-transformed concentrations were identified by applying side-by-side boxplots and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p < 0.05). Seasonal and annual trends were determined by trend analysis (Seasonal Kendall or Tobit procedure) using the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Estimate TREND (ESTREND) program. Major water quality indicators (specific conductivity, turbidity, color, and chloride), except for turbidity at Station C24S49, exhibited significant seasonal patterns. Almost all nutrient species (NO(2)-N, NH(4)-N, total Kjeldahl N, PO(4)-P, and total P) had an identical seasonal pattern of concentrations significantly greater in the wet than in the dry season. Some water quality constituents were observed to exhibit significant annual or seasonal trends. In some cases, the overall annual trend was insignificant while opposing trends were present in different seasons. By evaluating seasonal trends separately from all data, constituents can be assessed providing a more accurate interpretation of water quality trends.     

城市抗震防灾规划的研究和编制

1引言 在各国政府和研究人员对于减轻各种自然灾害进行的大量研究和实际工作的基础上,目前已有一些分灾种的防灾减灾规划的编制思路和模式可供参考.总的来讲,日美都比较重视应急预案和应急疏散的研究和实施,重视单体工程的抗灾,日本把防灾减灾的措施和城市总体规划合并在一起实施,起到了比较好的效果,美国的研究比较重视城市工程设施的易损性分析,美国FEMA目前正在推广一项计划,即将地震区的主要城市,建立工程设施数据库,并采用专门软件进行实时易损性分析,这些思路都是我国进行抗震防灾规划编制和研究值得借鉴的.     

A Bayesian approach to retransformation bias in transformed regression

Ecological data analysis often involves fitting linear or nonlinear equations to data after transforming either the response variable, the right side of the equation, or both, so that the standard suite of regression assumptions are more closely met. However, inference is usually done in the natural metric and it is well known that retransforming back to the original metric provides a biased estimator for the mean of the response variable. For the normal linear model, fit under a log-transformation, correction factors are available to reduce this bias, but these factors may not be generally applicable to all model forms or other transformations. We demonstrate that this problem is handled in a straightforward manner using a Bayesian approach, which is general for linear and nonlinear models and other transformations and model error structures. The Bayesian framework provides a predictive distribution for the response variable so that inference can be made at the mean, or over the entire distribution to incorporate the predictive uncertainty.     

Sorption of organic pollutants by marine sediments: implication for the role of particulate organic matter

The objective of this study was to quantify sorption properties for kerogen/black carbon (BC)-bearing sediments. Single-solute sorption isotherms were measured for five pristine marine sediments using phenanthrene, naphthalene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene as the sorbates. The results showed that the sorption isotherms were nonlinear and that the organic carbon normalized single point K_OC values were comparable to those reported in the literature for the purified keorgen and BC, but are much higher than the data reported for HA and kerogen/BC-containing terrestrial soils and sediments. It is likely that koergen and BC associated with these pristine marine sediments may not be encapsulated with humic acids or Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides as often do in terrestrial soils and sediments. As a result, they may be fully accessible to sorbing molecules, exhibiting higher sorption capacities. The study suggests that competition from background HOCs and reduced accessibility when kerogen and BC are associated with terrestrial sediments may dramatically increase variability of sorption reactivities of geosorbents. Such variability may lead to large uncertainties in the prediction of sorption from the contents of kerogen and/or BC along with TOC.     

不同湿地植物凋落物对汞铊矿废弃物浸出酸性废水中重金属的吸附研究

研究了不同湿地植物(稻草(Oryza sativa L.)、风车草(Cyperus involucratus Rottb.)、芦竹(Arundo donax L.)、美人蕉(Canna indica L.)、水葱(Scirpus validus Vahl.)、香蒲(Typha orientalis C.Presl)和鸢...