Enantioselectivity in toxicity and degradation of dichlorprop-methyl in algal cultures

Enantioselectivity in the toxicity and degradation of the herbicide dichlorprop-methyl (2,4-DCPPM) in algal cultures was studied. Enantioselectivity was clearly observed in the toxicity of racemic 2,4-DCPPM and its two enantiomers. R-2,4-DCPPM showed low toxicity to Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Chlorella vulgaris, but higher toxicity to Scenedesmus obliquus. The observed toxicity was ranked: R-2,4-DCPPM>S-2,4-DCPPM>Rac-2,4-DCPPM; the toxicity of R-2,4-DCPPM was about 8-fold higher than that of Rac-2,4-DCPPM. Additionally, 2,4-DCPPM was quickly degraded, in the initial 12 h, and different algae cultures had different enantioselectivity for the 2,4-DCPPM enantiomers. There was no significant enantioselectivity for 2,4-DCPPM in Chlorella vulgaris in the initial 7 h. However, racemic 2,4-DCPPM was degraded by Scenedesmus obliquus quickly, in the initial 4 h, much quicker, in fact, than the S- or R-enantiomers (racemate>R->S-), indicating that the herbicide 2,4-DCPPM was absorbed enantioselectively by Scenedesmus obliquus. The rapid formation of 2,4-DCPP suggested that 2,4-DCPPM adsorbed by algal cells was catalytically hydrolyzed to the free acid, a toxic metabolite. The production rates of 2,4-DCPP were as follows: Scenedesmus obliquus>Chlorella pyrenoidosa>Chlorella vulgaris, consistent with the degradability of 2,4-DCPPM. Scenedesmus obliquus had quick, but different, degradative and uptake abilities for R-, S-, and Rac-2,4-DCPPM. The R- and S- enantiomers were not hydrolyzed in the first 12 h, while both enantiomers were hydrolyzed slowly after that. These results indicate that some physical and chemical properties of compounds are of importance in determining their enantioselective toxicity and degradation. The ester and its metabolite likely played an important role in enantioselective toxicity to the three algae.     

水溶液中活性艳红KE-3B的臭氧超声联合脱除

采用臭氧/超声联合技术去除模拟废水中的活性艳红KE-3B。臭氧/超声处理前后KE-3B的紫外可见吸收谱没有明显的变化。臭氧/超声联合作用、单独臭氧化和单独超声处理脱除活性艳红KE-3B模拟废水5 min后的去除率分别为97%、73%和5%,表明臭氧/超声联合降解活性染料具有更高的氧化速率。实验研究了pH值、臭氧投加量、超声能量密度、反应温度对超声/臭氧降解活性艳红KE-3B反应速率的影响,在实验研究范围内,随着溶液初始pH的增大,KE-3B的去除率先增大后减小,超声能量密度的改变对KE-3B的去除影响不大,温度升高有利于氧化反应的进行。在溶液初始pH值为9.0,臭氧投加量3.2 g/h,超声能量密度176 W/L,反应温度20℃时,浓度为100 mg/L的活性艳红KE-3B溶液的去除率最高。     

Removing and recovering gas-phase elemental mercury by Cu(x)Co(3-x)O(4) (0.75< or = x < or =2.25) in the presence of sulphur compounds

The Hg(0) oxidation ability and reusability of Cu(x)Co(3-x)O(4) were investigated in an attempt to improve SO(2) anti-poisoning ability of metal oxide and produce more economic and effective sorbents for the control of Hg(0) emission from combustion processes. The influence of copper content on Cu(x)Co(3-x)O(4)'s (0.75< or = x < or =2.25) oxidation ability of Hg(0) in the presence of SO(2) was investigated. According to the X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and mass balance analysis on mercury, we found that Cu(1.5)Co(1.5)O(4) showed the highest S(BET) and best Hg(0) oxidation ability. With continuous increase of x from 0.75 to 2.25, Cu(x)Co(3-x)O(4)'s SO(2) anti-poisoning ability increased. The analysis results of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy manifested that the adsorptive mercury species on spent Cu(1.5)Co(1.5)O(4) was HgO. The spent Cu(1.5)Co(1.5)O(4) could be regenerated by thermal decomposition at 673K and regenerated Cu(1.5)Co(1.5)O(4) showed higher Hg(0) oxidation ability due to Hg-doping. Regenerated enrichment Hg(0) was collected using activated carbon at an ambient temperature to eliminate the secondary pollution.     

Pattern of NDVI-based vegetation greening along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalayas and its response to global warming

The eastern Himalayas, especially the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve (YNR), is a global hotspot of biodiversity because of a wide variety of climatic conditions and elevations ranging from 500 to > 7000 m above sea level (a.s.l.). The mountain ecosystems at different elevations are vulnerable to climate change; however, there has been little research into the patterns of vegetation greening and their response to global warming. The objective of this paper is to examine the pattern of vegetation greening in different altitudinal zones in the YNR and its relationship with vegetation types and climatic factors. Specifically, the inter-annual change of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and its variation along altitudinal gradient between 1999 and 2013 was investigated using SPOT-VGT NDVI data and ASTER global digital elevation model (GDEM) data. We found that annual NDVI increased by 17.58 % in the YNR from 1999 to 2013, especially in regions dominated by broad-leaved and coniferous forests at lower elevations. The vegetation greening rate decreased significantly as elevation increased, with a threshold elevation of approximately 3000 m. Rising temperature played a dominant role in driving the increase in NDVI, while precipitation has no statistical relationship with changes in NDVI in this region. This study provides useful information to develop an integrated management and conservation plan for climate change adaptation and promote biodiversity conservation in the YNR.     

用凹凸棒石处理高浓含油废水的研究

研究了凹凸棒石吸附剂(包括其回收再生品)对废水中各种状态油的去除,结果表明,1％凹凸棒石原土与1mg/LPAM组合,可使含油约500mg/L的废水获得90%以上的除油率;若组合使用2.00%凹凸棒石和800mg/L硫酸铝,则易使含油126000mg/L的废乳化液破乳除油,除油率均达98％左右,COD_(Cr)去除率89％:如采用多级连续处理,则可有效地净化水质;油的去除效果是凹凸棒石投加量或初始油浓度的幂函数,且在剩余油量与投加量之间符合Freundlich吸附等温式:整个吸附过程具有不同特征的几个阶段,并随着时间的推延,逐渐呈现一级反应动力学的特征。     

天然水中Cr(Ⅵ)与硫化物的氧化还原反应环境动力学的研究

本文模拟研究了地表水及土壤水介质中Cr(Ⅵ)在硫系统作用下的氧化还原反应动力学.在通常的pH及夏、秋温度和厌氧还原条件下进行动力学实验,采用了流动注射技术分析测定.初步确定了在一定的温度及pH条件下,当Cr(Ⅵ)与硫化物浓度相近时,二者之间的氧化还原反应为二级反应,其反应速率与Cr(Ⅵ)及总硫化物浓度的一次方乘积成正比.其速率常数随温度升高而增大,随pH升高却产生较为复杂的变化,总的说来,在pH5.5—7.0范围内速率常数较大.而在pH>7时反应很慢,近于停止了.当硫化物浓度远大于Cr(Ⅵ)时,二者之间的反应为准一级反应,Cr(Ⅵ)的还原速率与Cr(Ⅵ)浓度的一次方成正比,其反应速率常数随温度升高而增大,在pH5.0—7.8范围内速率常数随pH升高而逐渐减小.     

区域水体中汞的质量平衡与生物地球化学循环

本文是几年来在蓟运河下游对汞的地球化学行为进行综合研究的结果.通过箱式模型的方法,利用质量平衡公式对各流量进行定量计算,结果表明:排入河流的汞,绝大部分很快沉积入水底沉积物中;而存在于河水中的汞,水迁移是最主要的,气迁移很少,生物迁移微乎其微.本文提出了水体中汞的生物地球化学循环模型.汞循环途径主要有两条:无机汞被生物甲基化后的生物小循环和汞在水体与大气之间的地球化学循环.这两种循环主要是由沉积物中的无机泵被生物转变成甲基汞或元素汞之后完成的.因此,存在于沉积物中的无机汞的甲基化能力与转化为元素汞的量,决定了这两种循环过程的汞通量问题.     

重庆南山酸雨与马尾松衰亡的关系

1985—1986年对重庆南山马尾松林衰亡与酸雨的关系进行了研究。四个月的雨水监测表明南山酸雨况情严重。酸雨频率百分之百,平均pH4.2—4.4,最低pH3.6—4.0。土壤酸化程度较重(pH3.7—4.0)。土壤酸化的主要原因是酸雨的输入。濒死树针叶中锰和钴元素大为减少,与土壤中这两种元素的减少相对应。濒死树针叶中铝大量积累,土壤中活性铝增多和铝钙比增大。初步肯定酸雨是南山马尾松衰亡的重要原因之一。     

运用回归分析与人工神经网络预测含硫芳香族化合物好氧生物降解速率常数

为了研究人工神经网络预测有机化合物生物降解的性能,运用多元线性回归方法和误差反向传递人工神经网络模型以基团代码作为结构描述符,分别拟合、预测了一批含硫芳香族化合物的一级好氧生物降解速率常数．结果表明,由于神经网络自动考虑了基团间的交互作用,它对生物降解这类复杂问题有极高的求解能力,预测的均方误差为０．００１０２,远低于线性回归模型的预测误差０．０１５９１     

黄土区大型露天煤矿土地复垦专家系统的程序设计

介绍了采用智能程序设计语言汉化ＴＵＲＢＯ ＰＲＯＬＧ２．０进行黄土区大型露天煤矿土地复垦专家系统中知识库、推理机、解释机制及知识获取与维护模块的具体程序设计及其实现问题。