纳污湿地上覆水中重金属的监测及评价

以武河湿地为研究区域采集上覆水水样,采用ICP-AES法测定湿地水体中重金属的含量,参照有关标准用水质标准级别法对水中重金属污染情况进行了评价。结果表明:武河湿地中重金属Hg污染十分严重,各采样点均有分布且水质属劣Ⅴ类。重金属元素Cd污染并不严重,总体水质较好。重金属元素As、Cr、Cu、Pb在武河湿地中污染较轻近乎无污染,水质为Ⅰ类。由于重金属Hg的污染十分严重所以研究区内综合质量等级在4以上,水质为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类,污染严重。     

典型沙尘回流天气过程对北京市空气质量影响的特征分析

利用不同方位监测数据和气象资料,结合后向轨迹模型和激光雷达观测结果,对2011年3月18—21日北京市空气污染过程的天气形势、沙尘输送路径、污染物浓度的变化特征进行了分析.结果表明,这次污染过程主要是由于沙尘在上游沙源地起沙后先直接输送穿过北京,然后停留在渤海湾和朝鲜半岛区域,在渤海弱高压系统作用下,沙尘又回流至北京所致,其中,沙尘回流直接造成北京市空气质量达到重度污染天气.在沙尘回流影响过程中,PM10浓度呈现青龙山-北京市区-八达岭逐步升高的变化特征,国控站点PM10小时浓度持续16 h超过350μg·m-3,最大值达到571μg·m-3.SO2、NO2与PM10的小时浓度表现为同步变化规律,沙尘回流影响时,除了沙尘粒子外,周边地区的人为排放也是一个重要因素.     

The size distribution of airborne bacteria and human pathogenic bacteria in a commercial composting plant

•Bacterial concentrations from eight stages were 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³. •Diameter influenced clustering of bacterial and HPB lineages. •Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 2.42 to 5.09 μm in composting areas. •Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 3.70 to 8.96 μm in packaging areas. •HPB had high concentrations and small sizes in composting areas. Composting plants are regarded as one of the important sources of environmental bioaerosols. However, limitations in the size distribution of airborne bacteria have prevented our comprehensive understanding of their risk to human health and their dispersal behavior. In this study, different sizes of airborne bacteria were collected using an eight-stage impactor from a full-scale composting facility. Size-related abundance and communities of airborne bacteria as well as human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) were investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing coupled with droplet digital PCR. Our results indicate that the bacterial concentrations from the eight stages were approximately 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³. Although no statistical correlation was detected between the particle size and the Shannon index, the influence of size on bacterial lineages was observed in both composting and packaging areas. For airborne bacteria from different stages, the dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and the dominant genera was Bacillus. Seven out of eight HPB with a small geometric mean aerodynamic diameter had a high concentration in composting areas. Based on diameters of 2.42 to 5.09 μm, most HPB in the composting areas were expected to be deposited on the bronchus and secondary bronchus. However, in the packaging areas, the deposition of HPB (diameters 3.70 to 8.96 μm) occurred in the upper part of the respiratory tract. Our results on the size distribution, abundance, and diversity of these bacteria offer important information for the systematic evaluation of bacterial pathogenicity and the potential health impacts on workers in composting plants and the surrounding residents.     

Discovery of emerging organic pollutants in the atmosphere through an omics approach

● We review the framework of discovering emerging pollutants through an omics approach. ● High-resolution MS can digitalize atmospheric samples to full-component data. ● Chemical features and databases can help to translate untargeted data to compounds. ● Biological effect-directed untargeted analyses consider both existence and toxicity. Ambient air pollution, containing numerous known and hitherto unknown compounds, is a major risk factor for public health. The discovery of harmful components is the prerequisite for pollution control; however, this raises a great challenge on recognizing previously unknown species. Here we systematically review the analytical techniques on air pollution in the framework of an omics approach, with a brief introduction on sample preparation and analysis, and in more detail, compounds prioritization and identification. Through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS, typically coupled with chromatography), the complicated environmental matrix can be digitalized into “full-component” data. A key step to discover emerging compounds is the prioritization of compounds from massive data. Chemical fingerprints, suspect lists and biological effects are the most vital untargeted strategies for comprehensively screening critical and hazardous substances. Afterward, compressed data of compounds can be identified at various confidence levels according to exact mass and the derived molecular formula, MS libraries, and authentic standards. Such an omics approach on full-component data provides a paradigm for discovering emerging air pollutants; nonetheless, new technological advancements of instruments and databases are warranted for further tracking the environmental behaviors, hence to evaluate the health risk of key pollutants.     

厌氧-局部循环供氧生物膜技术处理农村污水

通过模拟农村生活污水水质和间歇进水特点,利用“厌氧-局部循环供氧生物膜”技术,研究该工艺对有机物、氮、磷的去除效果.厌氧池和局部循环供氧池有效容积比为1∶1.6,曝气装置位于局部循环供氧池中间底部,环形导流板将局部循环供氧池分隔成中间好氧区和四周缺氧区,斜管沉淀池前置到厌氧池与局部循环供氧池之间,出水端设置循环水池.装置连续稳定运行12个月,平均进水量为140 L/d,生物反应区HRT为1.3d.监测结果表明,出水COD、BOD、NH3-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别在40.31、3.38、2.69、11.98和0.75 mg/L,达到了国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放指标(GB-18918-2002)中的一级排放标准.研究表明,厌氧-局部循环供氧技术是一种适合农村分散污水处理的新工艺,可有效减轻农业面源污染.     

喀斯特石漠化的研究现状与存在的问题

喀斯特石漠化是土地荒漠化的主要类型之一。喀斯特生态系统的脆弱性决定了喀斯特生态系统的易损性和退化喀斯特生态系统的难恢复性,但它与发生石漠化并没必然的联系,喀斯特石漠化是岩溶生态系统退化的结果,而不是喀斯特生态系统脆弱性的必然表现。故所指的喀斯特石漠化,特指人为加速的石漠化,属于人为荒漠化的一种类型,但强调喀斯特石漠化的人为成因性,并不是否定自然背景对喀斯特生态系统的制约作用。石漠化土地的分类既要能反映出石漠化发生的严重程度,也要能体现石漠化土地的成因和岩性地貌等地质背景对生态学过程的影响,因此,作者提出以“土地利用类型+植被+岩性+地貌+石漠化程度”对人为加速石漠化过程中石漠化土地进行类型划分,以正确评价石漠化土地的生态环境价值。     

南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究Ⅲ.Si释放与缓冲作用

研究了模拟酸雨淋溶过程中南方主要土壤硅释放量与缓冲机理。结果表明,土壤中存在两个缓冲体系,pH值高于3.0时,土壤以初级缓冲体系为主;pH值低于3.0,尤其是离子淋溶量高于或接近CEC值后,次级缓冲体系成为主要的质子缓冲源。淋溶液pH值的降低可加速矿物风化和Si的释放,从而促进土壤中Si的淋溶,但Si的淋溶同时受到吸附、沉淀与转化过程及土壤初始条件的影响。     

Roles of manganese oxides in degradation of phenol under UV-Vis irradiation: Adsorption, oxidation, and photocatalysis

The effect of crystal structure on photocatalytic activities of manganese oxides and underlying reaction mechanism were investigated.     

曝气生物滤池中的亚硝酸盐积累及其影响因子

通过模型试验研究了曝气生物滤池脱氮过程中的亚硝酸盐积累现象,考察了运行条件对亚硝酸盐积累的影响.试验结果表明,曝气生物滤池在滤速1～2m/h、气水比3:1、水温20.5℃～26.5℃、进水氨氮负荷0.26～0.62kg/(m³·d)、总氮负荷0.28～0.63kg/(m³³·d)和0.18～0.42kg/(m³·d)反应器内反应液和处理水连续监测结果、反应器内含氮化合物空间分布分析以及微生物数量及活性测定结果表明,反应器中出现了明显的亚硝酸盐积累现象,表现出显著的短程硝化反硝化特征.初步分析探讨了亚硝酸盐积累的形成机理和运行条件对亚硝酸盐积累的影响,认为反冲洗过程是最主要的影响因素,而曝气生物滤池的结构特征和运行方式是其能够出现亚硝酸盐积累,并进行短程硝化反硝化脱氮的主要原因.     

不同品种辣椒镉亚细胞分布和化学形态特征差异

前期试验对91个辣椒品种资源进行筛选,以高积Cd型品种(X55)、中积Cd型品种(27)和低积Cd型品种(17)各一份,采用盆栽试验研究不同镉水平(0、5和10 mg·kg-1Cd)下3个品种辣椒Cd转移和富集能力差异以及镉在果实中亚细胞分布和形态特征.结果表明,Cd胁迫下,辣椒地上部干重在种间表现为品种X55 17 27.果实Cd转移系数在同一Cd水平下均表现为品种17 27或X55.辣椒果实各亚细胞组分中Cd含量在种间表现为品种27 17 X55.辣椒根、茎、叶和果各亚细胞组分中Cd含量均表现为细胞壁(F1)细胞器(F2)细胞可溶性组分(F3),Cd被限制在细胞壁中,在辣椒Cd解毒机制和抗性中起重要作用. 3个品种辣椒果实各Cd化学形态含量随Cd处理水平的增加而增加,且大小均表现为CdNaClCdHAC CdR CdHCl CdW CdE.辣椒果实中的CdNaCl和CdHAC占比例较大可能是辣椒降低Cd生物毒性的一种防御机制.