高速铁路安全系统的研究

随着列车速度的大幅度提高 ,必然会引起一系列的空气动力学问题 ,它将影响到列车的运行安全 ,站台旅客及车站工作人员的人身安全。高速列车由于速度快 ,安全问题显得尤为重要 ,高速铁路行车安全的特殊性 ,决定了高速铁路安全保障体系的特殊性。笔者对高速铁路安全系统进行了研究 ,重点讨论高速铁路运行下的人员退避距离标准、安全监测问题及保障体系 ,并提出一些建议     

质量、职业健康安全及环境三体系整合

就济钢实施质量、职业健康安全及环境三体系整合工作的依据、可行性进行论证,介绍了三体系整合的情况及实施放果。     

TiO2光催化降解脂肪烃类反应机制的探析

在半导体TiO2水悬浮体系中，对脂肪烃类的光催化降解反应机制进行了探讨。研究结果表明首先产生·OH和·OOH这两种活性物质，它们进攻脂肪烃类形成羟基化的中间体，然后进一步降解为醛、羧酸，最后生成CO2和H2O。     

碱处理促进剩余污泥解的试验研究

研究了热碱水解法对剩余污泥特性参数(溶解性化学需氧量、挥发性脂肪酸、氨氮、pH值与污泥浓度等)的影响.碱的加入减弱了污泥细胞壁对高温的抵抗力,加剧了剩余污泥细胞内有机质的释放与水解,改变了污泥的性质.在反应温度为170℃、pH 13、反应时间为75 min的条件下,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)达到了最大融出量17956 mg/L,此时SCOD与总化学需氧量(TCOD)之比为0.65.在pH 13,反应时间为60 min时悬浮固体(SS)、挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)均达到了最大溶解率,其值分别为67%和72%.经热碱水解处理后的剩余污泥SCOD随着原污泥浓度的增大而增大,呈现了良好的线性关系,相关系数R2达到了0.97以上,而且随着pH值的增大,融出率也不断增大,在pH 13时达到最高值672 mg/g.另外,通过正交试验可以得出170℃时各因素对SCOD影响的重要性,依次为污泥浓度、DH值、反应时间.     

黄浦江上游饮用水源地水及沉积物中汞、砷的分布特征

对黄浦江上游饮用水源地水及沉积物中Hg、As的含量及分布进行了调查研究.结果表明,水中Hg、As的浓度范围分别为0.0407～0 2287μg·L-1、0.6087～5.2667μg·L-1,平均值分别为0.1492μg·L-1、2.7442μg·L-1;与地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类水标准相比,83.3%的样点Hg浓度超标,As未出现超标现象.沉积物中Hg、As的含量范围分别为0.0479～0.4169mg·kg-1、4.84～9.01mg·kg-1,平均值分别为0.1488 mg·kg-1、6.59mg·kg-1;57.1%的样点Hg含量超过了上海市土壤背景值,As含量未超标.从空间分布来看,位于工业园区河流的采样点及河流入江口的采样点水体中Hg、As浓度较高.沉积物对Hg、As的浓缩系数分别位于209～2361、1113～11171之间.沉积物中Hg、As的含量均与有机碳含量成显著正相关关系,表明本研究区域沉积物中有机碳是Hg、As含量的主要影响因子.根据Hg、As的分布特征,推断黄浦江上游饮用水源地Hg、As的污染源主要包括工业污染源、农业污染源、生活污水垃圾、上游来水、河流沉积物的二次污染、来往船只污染物的排放等.     

纳米零价铁颗粒去除污染土壤HCl浸提液中的Pb

主要研究了纳米零价铁颗粒对土壤HCl浸提液中重金属Pb的去除效果。通过批实验探讨HCl浓度、纳米零价铁投入量以及处理时间对Pb去除率的影响。实验结果表明,纳米零价铁颗粒对浸提液中Pb的去除反应符合langmuir和freundlich等温吸附方程;反应遵循准一级反应动力学方程,标准化后的反应速率常数KSA=0.018 mL/(m2·min);反应30 min时,0.5 g纳米零价铁对1.0 mol/L的HCl所提取Pb（51.7 mg/L）的去除率达到91.8%。研究结果表明,纳米零价铁对土壤HCl浸提液中Pb具有良好去除效果,但相对于处理水溶液中的Pb,反应速率偏低。     

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles relieve biochemical dysfunctions of fifth-instar larvae of silkworms following exposure to phoxim insecticide

Phoxim insecticide is widely used in agriculture, which is toxic to insect pests and nontarget organisms. The phoxim poisoning is hard to prevent for silkworms. TiO₂ NPs have been widely applied in whitening, brightening foods, toothpaste or sunscreens, and orally-administered drugs. However, whether TiO₂ NPs can increase resistance of silkworm to phoxim poisoning has not been reported. The results demonstrated that added TiO₂ NPs significantly decreased reduction of protein, glucose and pyruvate contents, lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities, and attenuated increases of free amino acids, urea, uric acid and lactate levels, activities of protease, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the hemolymph of silkworms caused by phoxim exposure. From the present study, it is clearly evident that added TiO₂ NPs may relieve toxic impacts of phoxim insecticide on silkworm metabolism, which in turn may result in an increase in silk yield.     

海洋环境地球化学——Ⅳ.胶州湾娄山河口海域铬迁移转化规律研究

本文对排放入胶州湾中铬的主要污染源——娄山河河口海域及上游工业废水中铬的迁移形态特征及其转化;废水及河口海域海水中六价铬向三价铬的转变及其速率以及河口海域海水中三价铬向底质的迁移及其影响因素等地球化学过程进行了现场调查和室内模拟实验。实验结果进一步证实了胶州湾娄山河口及沿岸海域中铬的可能的迁移机制为Cr_水~(VI)→Cr_水~(Ⅲ)→Cr_水~(悬)→Cr_(底质~(酸溶)→Cr_(底质)~总,并为这一过程作了定量估算,提出了胶州湾娄山河口海域铬的迁移模式图。     

Simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride from water by AI-Fe （hydr）oxides

A1-Fe （hydr）oxides with different A1/Fe molar ratios （4：1, 1：1, 1：4, 0：1） were prepared using a co- precipitation method and were then employed for simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride. The 4A1 ： Fe was superior to other adsorbents for removal of arsenate and fluoride in the pH range of 5.0-9.0. The adsorption capacity of the A1-Fe （hydr）oxides for arsenate and fluoride at pH 6.50.3 increased with increasing A1 content in the adsorbents. The linear relationship between the amount of OH released from the adsorbent and the amount of arsenate or fluoride adsorbent by 4A1 ： Fe indicated that the adsorption of arsenate and fluoride by A1- Fe （hydr）oxides was realized primarily through quantita- tive ligand exchange. Moreover, there was a very good correlation between the surface hydroxyl group densities of A1-Fe （hydr）oxides and their adsorption capacities for arsenate or fluoride. The highest adsorption capacity for arsenate and fluoride by 4A1 ： Fe is mainly ascribed to its highest surface hydroxyl group density besides its largest pHpzc. The dosage of adsorbent necessary to remove arsenate and fluoride to meet the drinking water standard was mainly determined by the presence of fluoride since fluoride was generally present in groundwater at much higher concentration than arsenate.     

Improvement of nitrification efficiency by bioaugmentation in sequencing batch reactors at low temperature

Bioaugmentation is an effective method of treating municipal wastewater with high ammonia concentration in sequencing batch reactors （SBRs） at low temperature （10℃）. The cold-adapted ammonia- and nitrite- oxidizing bacteria were enriched and inoculated, respectively, in the bioaugmentation systems. In synthetic wastewater treatment systems, the average NH4＋-N removal efficiency in the bioaugmented system （85%） was much higher than that in the unbioaugmented system. The effluent NH4＋ -N concentration of the bioaugmented system was stably below 8 mg. L1 after 20 d operation. In municipal wastewater systems with bioaugmentation, the effluent NH4＋- -N concentration was below 8 mg·L^-1 after 15 d operation. The average NH4＋ -N removal efficiency in unbioaugmentation system （about 82%） was lower compared with that in the bioaugmentation system. By inoculating the cold-adapted nitrite-oxidizing bacteria （NOB） into the SBRs after 10 d operation, the nitrite concentration decreased rapidly, reducing the NO2 -N accumulation effectively at low temperature. The func- tional microorganisms were identified by PCR-DGGE, including uncultured Dechloromonas sp., uncultured Nitrospira sp., Clostridium sp. and uncultured Thauera sp. The results suggested that the cold-adapted microbial agent of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and NOB could accelerate the start-up and promote achieving the stable operation of the low-temperature SBRs for nitrification.