三种观测标准的霾日与空气污染日对比分析

目前气象观测业务和空气污染分析中存在对霾日统计的分歧,甚至出现空气污染日无霾的现象,对霾观测标准的科学划分,显得非常重要和紧迫。利用2013—2015年廊坊市气象观测站能见度、相对湿度、霾人工观测资料和廊坊市环保局AQI、PM25浓度等气象环保资料,对目前观测业务和空气污染分析中常用的三种霾观测、统计方法进行了对比分析。分析发现:目前廊坊气象观测站所依据的记录霾天气现象的标准,与实际大气污染相趋甚远,不能反映实际的空气污染状况,建议国家及省级相关部门及早根据实际情况,更新霾观测标准,更好地为当前大气污染的防治工作提供客观依据。     

基于FTA-AHP模型的动车组列车火灾风险分析

采用事故树分析(FTA)与层次分析(AHP)相结合的方法对动车组列车火灾风险进行分析,并求得各指标层对目标层的影响权重,同时还将单独的FTA方法与FTA-AHP方法进行了比较,总结出FTA-AHP方法的优点,解决了在动车组列车火灾风险分析中的什么是重点的问题。结果表明:对动车组列车火灾风险影响较大的因素依次为,列车材料耐火等级、火灾报警系统、防火巡查、电气系统的安全状况、消防设施的维护等,必须首先从这些因素入手来控制动车组列车火灾风险。     

太湖贡湖湾水域抗生素污染特征分析与生态风险评价

为评估太湖贡湖湾水域抗生素污染程度与生态风险,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测分析了4类抗生素(四环素类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、大环内酯类)在贡湖湾表层水的污染特征.结果表明,16种目标抗生素中,有13种在贡湖湾水体中检出,质量浓度范围为0.005~4.720μg·L-1,其中土霉素(oxytetracycline,OTC)检出浓度最高.抗生素在南北两湖湾的检出水平也互有高低,其中四环素类抗生素北部湾要高于南部湾,而喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素的检出量南部湾要高于北部湾.采用风险商值法进行风险评估,初步评估结果为贡湖湾水域中检出的抗生素中,处于高风险的有5种:四环素类土霉素(OTC)及喹诺酮类诺氟沙星(norfloxacin,NOR)、氧氟沙星(ofloxacin,OFL)、环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CIP)和恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,ENR),占检出种类38.5%;中风险有4种:四环素(tetracycline,TC)、金霉素(chlortetracycline,CTC)、罗红霉素(roxithromycin,ROX)和磺胺甲基异噁唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMX),占检出种类30.8%;其余4种磺胺甲基嘧啶(sulfamerazine,SMR)、磺胺甲氧哒嗪(sulfamethoxypyridazine,SMP)、磺胺喹噁啉(sulfaquinoxaline,SQX)和甲氧苄氨嘧啶(trimethoprim,TMP)为低风险.评估结果表明贡湖水域抗生素存在一定生态风险,其中四环素类和喹诺酮类尤为突出,应引起足够的注意,并采取相应防范措施.     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对铜镉的吸附特性与离子交换

研究了投菌量、金属浓度和戊二醛浓度对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌吸附水体中Cu2+和Cd2+特性的影响,分析了重金属生物吸附、NO3-去除与菌体离子释放的关联,从离子吸附、交换、转化与释放的角度探讨了重金属生物吸附机制.结果表明嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对Cu2+和Cd2+吸附性能良好,0.2 g·L-1干重菌体处理浓度为0.05 mmol·L-1的Cu(NO3)2和Cd(NO3)2溶液120 min后,Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附率分别达96.3%和83.9%.菌体对Cu(NO3)2和Cd(NO3)2溶液的吸附过程存在Cu2+和Cd2+的表面吸附与胞内运输、NO3-胞内积累、NO3-还原为NO2-等行为,而且Cu2+和Cd2+的胞内运输、NO3-积累和还原需要消耗能量,并会促进Cl-、PO43-、SO42-、Na+、NH4+、K+和Ca2+等离子的释放.红外光谱分析表明菌体酰胺基、羟基与羧基均参与了Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附.X-光电子能谱分析显示吸附后Cu2+和Cd2+的价态不发生变化.     

基于物质流分析的钾素流动与循环研究

我国钾矿资源匮乏,自给率低,主要的使用和流动过程集中在种植业活动中.本研究利用物质流分析方法对2009年我国种植业生产和消费过程中钾素的流动和循环过程进行了解析.结果表明,农田土壤钾素平均亏损量达到50.4 kg·hm-2,大量钾素由陆生生态系统进入水生生态系统,造成资源流失.伴随降雨径流进入水环境的钾素达231.2万t·a-1,占当年化学钾肥施用量的40.97%.生活污水排放是钾素进入水体的另一主要途径,城市和农村区域的年排放量分别为67.1万t·a-1和54.7万t·a-1,占进入水环境钾素总量的19.00%和15.50%.其中通过城市污水处理厂排放进入地表水环境中钾素为50.5万t·a-1,占城市区域排放总量的75.25%.     

A pilot-scale study of cryolite precipitation from high fluoride-containing wastewater in a reaction-separation integrated reactor

Fluoride removal by traditional precipitation generates huge amounts of a water-rich sludge with low quality, which has no commercial or industrial value. The present study evaluated the feasibility of recovering fluoride as low water content cryolite from industrial fluoride-containing wastewater. A novel pilot-scale reaction-separation integrated reactor was designed. The results showed that the seed retention time in the reactor was prolonged to strengthen the induced crystallization process. The particle size of cryolite increased with increasing seed retention time, which decreased the water content. The recovery rate of cryolite was above 75% under an influent fluoride concentration of 3500 mg/L, a reaction temperature of 50℃, and an influent flow of 40 L/hr. The cryolite products that precipitated from the reactor were small in volume, large in particle size, low in water content, high in crystal purity, and recyclable.     

复合膜生物反应器处理环氧氯丙烷废水

实验利用复合膜生物反应器处理以甘油为原料制备环氧氯丙烷产生的废水,考察了不同进水COD、水力停留时间以及盐度对处理能力的影响,并进行盐度冲击实验。生物处理后出水进行了深度处理的研究。结果表明:进水COD对处理能力影响较小;适当延长水力停留时间能优化出水水质;废水盐度高于22g/L时会对微生物产生抑制作用;深度处理能进一步降低出水COD;微生物通过一定时间的驯化期能适应并处理高盐度废水。     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

论环境自卫权

环境自卫权是环境权的组成部分,环境自卫权及随着环境权的确立而提出来的,环境权作为环境法的核心问题,近年来在国内外的理论界和立法上都有不同程度的反映,使得环境自卫权的实现也就不可避免的带有复杂性,除了必须具备的条件外,环境自卫权的实现还应当注意实施的手段及其相应性的标准,本文就环境自卫权的生成原因、界定、构成及其实现作了初步研究。     

饭馆、餐厅油烟机、风机噪声扰民实例研究

随着城市化进程的加快,人民生活水平的提高,饭馆、餐厅的油烟机、风机等设施噪声扰民的事件频发。本文通过对饭馆、餐厅一条街噪声扰民事件进行原因分析、采取防治措施、治理效果验证,提出了饭馆、餐厅等社会娱乐服务场的噪声防治措施,对提高人民生活水平、减少居民投诉、促进社会和谐具有建设性意义。