Prevention of debris flow disasters on Chengdu-Kunming Railway

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｈｅｎｇｄｕ ＫｕｎｍｉｎｇＲａｉｌｗａｙＬｉｎｅｉｓｌｏｃａｔｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＣｈｉｎａ .Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｌｏｔｏｆｄｅｂｒｉｓｆｌｏｗｇｕｌｌｉｅｓｓｐｒｅａｄｉｎｇｂｅｓｉｄｅｔｈｉｓｒａｉｌｗａｙｌｉｎｅ .Ｏｎｓｕｍｍｅｒ,ｔｈｅｄｅｂｒｉｓｆｌｏｗｏｆｔｅｎｂｕｒｓｔｓａｎｄｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｓｔｈｅｓａｆｅｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｒａｉｌｗａｙｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ.Ｉｎ 1981,ａｌａｒｇｅ ｓｃａｌｅｄｅｂｒｉｓ…     

浅谈砷污染

金属冶炼，煤炭燃烧过程中向环境排出大量砷，严重危害人类健康．本文介绍了砷的污染来源，转移过程和对人体危害的机理，提醒人们注意砷的污染．     

福建省海岸带土壤环境背景值研究及其应用

本文采用《福建省土壤环境背景值研究》课题的有关资料，研究福建省海岸带土壤主要元素背景值，讨论其主要影响因素，并应用来对福建省海岸带陆地土壤质量进行评价。     

大庆油田落地原油对土壤污染的研究

大庆油田是中国最重要的原油生产基地,开发建设50多年来,已累计生产原油18.2亿吨.不可避免地在油田生产过程中产生大量的落地原油,对土壤造成了严重的污染.落地原油在土壤中的迁移主要有横向迁移和纵向迁移:横向迁移对土壤的污染成辐射状分布,污染强度随污染源的距离增加而迅速降低,污染源周围污染最重的区域在0 m～40 m范围内,占总量90%以上,横向迁移范围确定在150 m以内;落地原油纵向迁移绝大部分集中在距土壤表面0 cm～10 cm范围内,竖向迁移一般不超过70 cm.落地原油污染土壤中主要污染物包括总烃、芳烃、酚、苯并[a]芘和硫化物,通过落地原油污染土壤的模拟实验可知总烃、芳烃、苯并[a]芘和硫化物含量,随原油浓度增加而明显增加,呈明显正相关性;其一元线性回归方程分别为Y=0.470X-17.88、Y=0.119X-6.13、Y=0.0076X-0.30、Y=0.000055X 0.089.     

Effectiveness evaluation of water-sprinkling in controlling urban fugitive road dust based on TRAKER method: A case study in Baoding, China

Fugitive road dust (FRD) contributes a great deal to urban rainwater and air pollution and is commonly controlled by water-sprinkling in most Chinese cities. However, there is a lack of information on its effectiveness. We used the Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic Emissions from Roads (TRAKER) method to monitor different types of roads in Baoding city before and within 1 hr after water-sprinkling and obtained the road dirtiness index (a) and PM concentration in the road environment ($T_{\mathrm{T}}^{*}$), to evaluate the removal efficiency for PM deposited on the road surface (${\eta }_a$) and the reduction efficiency for the PM concentration in the road environment (${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$). The results give that the ${\eta }_a$ for three types of roads is ranked: branch road (87%-–100%) > major arterial road (80%-83%) > minor arterial road (68%-77%), and the ${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$ ranked: minor arterial road (70%) > branch road (46%-58%) > major arterial road (37%-53%). The ${\eta }_a$ and ${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$ varied non-linearly with time and presented a quadratic curve. The average effective control time (${\eta }_{\mathit{a}}$> 0) was 62 min on the major and minor arterial roads, and much longer than 1 hr on branch roads. The ${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$ values diminished completely by 72 min on average from the end of sprinkling for the three types of roads. Water-sprinkling can remove PM₁₀ particles from the road surface and reduce their concentration in the road environment more thoroughly than PM_2.5. Our findings could be helpful for controlling urban FRD emissions more efficiently and precisely.     

复合混凝剂处理印染废水

为了处理高浓度、高色度、高COD的印染废水，利用硫酸亚铁、工业废酸和金属下脚料自行配制了复合混凝剂，并将其与聚合双酸铝铁、聚合氯化铝铁、硫酸亚铁对印染废水的混凝效果进行对比。研究表明，复合混凝剂处理印染废水具有成本低、效果好的特点。当硫酸亚铁的投加量为200mg/L，复合混凝剂的投加量为1280mg／L，PAM的用量为2mg／L时，脱色率达94．9％，COD去除率达78．1％，悬浮固体（SS）去除率达90．9％。     

浮选剂黄药对蛙类胚胎的致畸毒性

报道了黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)受精卵短期暴露于黄药溶液后对胚胎发育所引起的影响.浓度高于0.1ppm的黄药溶液能显著引起蛙胚的畸形发育,使孵出的蝌蚪呈现单一的畸形症状——脊索蜿蜒弯曲,为黄药污染的水体之水质监测提供了一个生物学指标.     

几种海洋微藻对水中三丁基锡化合物的迁移和转化作用

实验表明，在半抑制效应浓度下纤弱角毛藻，扁藻，三角褐指藻对三丁基锡均有瞬时强吸附作用，其后，微藻对三丁基锡的吸收可单室生物积累模型描述，根据模型曲线拟合求出其总吸收饱和浓度和生物排出速常数，微藻对三丁基锡的生物富集因子高达１０＾４－１０＾５，主要取决于高比表面，高分配比和高摄取速率，７２ｈ纤弱角毛藻对三丁基锡的生物降解率在５％左右。     

废水中对—氨基苯酚的电位溶出法测定

采用Nafion修饰电极,以微分计时电位溶出法分析测定废水中对—氨基苯酚(PAP)。在选定的条件下,PAP的测定范围在1.0μ～0.5mmol/l之间;最低检测浓度为0.1μmol/l;标准偏差为1.6％:方法的回收率为92.5％～96.5％。     

城市污水高效低耗生物脱氮工艺研究

采用活性污泥与生物膜法相结合工艺处理城市生活污水，可以高效去除污水中的有机物和NH4^ -N。研究结果表明：水力停留时间为7．5h、回流比为1．5、无外加碳源时，COD的去除率大于90％，NH4^ -N的去除率大于99％；平均出水COD小于40mg／L，NH4^ -N小于1mg／L，TN的去除率60％左右；反硝化过程的适宜C／N为4～5。