热带海洋环境中5083铝合金腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究某岛礁不同海洋区带环境中5083铝合金的腐蚀规律。方法 在某岛礁进行海洋多区带腐蚀试验,利用表面微观形貌观测、腐蚀产物分析、质量损失测试及点蚀深度测量等手段,对比分析铝合金在不同海洋区带中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率和点蚀深度。结果 5083铝合金在某岛礁海洋全浸区带环境中的腐蚀速率最大,大气区带中的腐蚀速率最小,在潮差区带的腐蚀速率介于二者之间。试样在海洋不同区带主要发生局部腐蚀,大气区试样的最大点蚀深度最大,而潮差区试样的最大点蚀深度最小。在不同海洋区带,铝合金腐蚀产物和附着物的混合物中均含有钙元素,大气区钙元素含量远低于潮差区和全浸区,潮差区和全浸区铝合金表面的腐蚀产物和附着物混合物中主要含有CaCO₃、CaSiO₃和Al₂O₃。结论 不同海洋区带环境中,5083铝合金的腐蚀速率差别较大,潮差区和全浸区材料表面附着大量污损生物和矿物质。     

废纸造纸废水结垢原因及防治对策研究

针对无锡某废纸造纸企业产生的污水经厌氧-好氧-化学混凝处理后,出水在放流池产生结垢现状,对各段污水中主要离子浓度进行跟踪分析,并对结垢的组分、结垢原因、机理和防治结垢对策进行了探讨。结果表明:垢样的主要成分为CaCO3;污水中含有较高浓度的钙离子和碳酸氢根离子是导致结垢的主要原因,较高的水温、pH值、流速、流动状态、池壁的粗糙程度以及PAC的投加对结垢也有一定的影响;最佳防治对策为使用Ca(OH)2+PAM代替PAC+PAM混凝,保证COD达标排放同时,也解决了出水结垢问题。     

工业废水中多金属离子的吸附净化

以含有Si、Al、Ca、C元素的矿物材料作为基质,经特定条件处理后造粒成型加工成轻质多孔Si-Al-Ca-C结构的吸附材料。研究了该吸附材料对工业废水中多种金属离子的吸附性能,探讨了影响吸附性能的因素。研究结果表明,在一定条件下,Si-Al-Ca-C吸附材料对工业废水中Al3+、Ca2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Mg2+、As3+和Zn2+的净化率分别高达99.34%、99.82%、98.26%、98.16%、97.76%、97.01%、100%和89.09%。金属离子残留浓度分别为0.152、0.07、0.012、0.02、0.119、0.311、0和0.259 mg/L,均低于国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)一级标准。     

吹扫捕集气质联用测定水中嗅味物质的研究

文章建立了一种用吹扫捕集—气相色谱质谱联用技术测定饮用水中土臭素(GSM)和二甲基异冰片(2-MIB)等嗅味物质的分析方法,确定了最佳的色谱条件、质谱条件和水样处理方法。当取样量为25mL时,回收率分别为96%和89%,RSD<10%,检出限为0.002mg/L。     

Photodegradation mechanism of two dyes: the influence of adsorption behavior on the novel TiO2 particles

The relationship between adsorption behavior and photocatalytic mechanism of the two dyes was investigated. Adsorption isotherms showed that the adsorption of cationic pink FG was Langmuir type behavior, while the reactive brilliant red k-2G was Freundlich type behavior. The increasing pH favored the adsorption of FG but have little effect on the photodegradation. The increasing pH favored the adsorption and the photodegradation of k-2G. The presence of scavenger of hvb^ and OH. radical potassium iodide inhibited the degradation of k-2G, free radicals scavenger tetranitromethane inhibited the photodegradation of FG. These results indicated that the photodegradation of FG mainly via free radicals in solution, and the photodegradation of k-2G was mainly on the catalysts surface or near the interface of solid and solution by react with hvb^ and surface-bound OH.. The different effect of SO4^2- , HCO3^- on the adsorption and photodegradation of two dyes confirmed these results.     

Decrease of NH4+-N by bacterioplankton accelerated the removal of cyanobacterial blooms in aerated aquatic ecosystem

We used aerated systems to assess the influence of the bacterioplankton community on cyanobacterial blooms in algae/post-bloom of Lake Taihu, China. Bacterioplankton community diversity was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE) fingerprinting. Chemical analysis and nitrogen dynamic changes illustrated that NH4+-N was nitrified to NO2-N and NO3-N by bacterioplankton. Finally, NH4+-N was exhausted and NO3-N was denitrified to NO2-N, while the accumulation of NO2-N indicated that bacterioplankton with completely aerobic denitrification ability were lacking in the water samples collected from Lake Taihu. We suggested that adding completely aerobic denitrification bacteria(to denitrify NO2-N to N2)would improve the water quality. PCR-DGGE and sequencing results showed that more than 1/3 of the bacterial species were associated with the removal of nitrogen, and Acidovorax temperans was the dominant one. PCR-DGGE, variation of nitrogen, removal efciencies of chlorophyll-a and canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the bacterioplankton significantly influenced the physiological and biochemical changes of cyanobacteria. Additionally, the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means revealed there was no obvious harm to the microecosystem from aeration. The present study demonstrated that bacterioplankton can play crucial roles in aerated ecosystems, which could control the impact of cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophicated fresh water systems.     

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

后石油时代沙生灌木直燃发电对环境的影响＊

文章通过对内蒙古中西部地区沙生灌木的成分分析,基于生命周期法(LCA),定量论证了沙生灌木直燃发电开发模式对环境的影响和推广的可行性,指出相比石油等传统能源,这种模式具有较大的潜在效益,对于我国发展绿色替代能源,促进西部地区生态环境和经济协调发展具有一定的战略意义。     

稀土Ce掺杂SnSb复合涂层电极的实验研究

采用涂刷热分解氧化法,把无机盐SnCl4·5H2O、SbCl3和Ce(NO3)3·6H2O以一定的配比溶解在有机溶剂异丙醇中制备涂层液,以钛板为基体,制备多组分的涂层电极.考察了不同掺杂量下制备的电极对生活污水的处理效果,并对稀土Ce掺杂SnSb涂层进行了SEM表征,结果表明,在热处理温度为500℃、稀土掺杂量(原子质量比)为Sn∶Sb∶Ce=100∶10∶1的电极降解效果最好;稀土Ce的掺杂有利于锡锑金属氧化物涂层电极的电化学性能的提高.     

生理毒代动力学模型及其在有机污染物水生生态毒理研究中的应用

人类生产和生活使用各种人工合成的化学品,种类和数量急剧增长,对生态系统和人体健康造成了极大威胁。因此,亟需采用高效的方法对数量巨大的化合物进行毒性评价。对生理毒代动力学(PBTK)模型的建立过程及其在污染物生态毒理研究中的应用进行了综述。PBTK模型,又称生理药代动力学(PBPK)模型,是利用生理学和解剖学等原理,将生物体简化为用血流连接的肝、肾和脂肪等各组织器官房室,模拟化合物在生物体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程。模型参数包括生理参数和生化参数2个部分,可用MATLAB等软件进行模拟。模型已应用于数百余种有机污染物在鱼体等水生生物体的毒代动力学模拟。已有模拟结果能够预测化合物在生物体内的有效剂量,对化合物毒性进行评估,并可用于不同物种、不同剂量和不同暴露途径间的外推,有力推进了污染物生态毒理研究工作的开展。