氨气敏电极法和纳氏试剂分光光度法对地表水中氨氮的比对测试

采用不同质量浓度的氨氮标准样品和实际样品,用氨气敏电极法和纳氏试剂分光光度法进行同步测试。结果表明,2种分析方法在水样氨氮质量浓度在0. 159～2. 81 mg/L范围内具有良好的可比性、精密性和准确性。氨气敏电极法的检出限为0. 03 mg/L,平行6次测定样品的相对标准偏差为0. 4%～4. 2%,加标回收率为85. 0%～110%;纳氏试剂分光光度法的检出限为0. 025 mg/L,平行6次测定样品的相对标准偏差为0. 5%～6. 4%,加标回收率为93. 0%～99. 8%。同时氨气敏电极法在样品预处理、试剂配制和分析时间上要优于纳氏试剂分光光度法。氨气敏电极法能够满足地表水自动监测在线比对实际工作的需求,该方法具有良好的适用性。     

Suitable error evaluation criteria selection in the wind energy assessment via the K-means clustering algorithm

In this paper, wind energy potential of four locations in Xinjiang region is assessed. The Weibull distribution as well as the Logistic and the Lognormal distributions are applied to describe the distributions of the wind speed at different heights. In determining the parameters in the Weibull distribution, four intelligent parameter optimization approaches including the differential evolutionary, the particle swarm optimization, and two other approaches derived from these two algorithms and combined advantages of these two approaches are employed. Then the optimal distribution is chosen through the Chi-square error (CSE), the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test error (KSE), and the root mean square error (RMSE) criteria. However, it is found that the variation range of some criteria is quite large, thus these criteria are analyzed and evaluated both from the anomalous values and by the K-means clustering method. Anomaly observation results have shown that the CSE is the first one should be considered to be eliminated from the consequent optimal distribution function selection. This idea is further confirmed by the K-means clustering algorithm, by which the CSE is clustered into a different group with KSE and RMSE. Therefore, only the reserved two error evaluation criteria are utilized to evaluate the wind power potential.     

基于MODIS地面温度数据的成都市热岛时空变化

研究利用2000、2005和2010年逐月的MODIS/Terra和MODIS/Aqua卫星的地表温度数据产品,通过等间距法进行分析,得出成都市建成区2000~2010年间昼夜热岛的时空变化以及相互间差异。研究结果表明:成都市昼夜热岛存在显著差异,日间热岛主要呈散点分布,夜间热岛集中在城市中心区域。日夜间热岛变化趋势有显著不同,日间热岛继续分散而夜间热岛范围则有所扩大。日间热岛分布与植被覆盖存在一定的负相关性,但道路也在一定程度上促使了地面温度的增加,夜间城市热岛范围及变化则与其下垫面组成存在关系。     

Vegetation dynamics and climate change on the Loess Plateau,China: 1982–2011

Monitoring the dynamics of vegetation growth and its response to climate change is important to understand the mechanisms underlying ecosystem behaviors. This study investigated the relationship between vegetation growth and climate change during the growing seasons on the Loess Plateau in China by analyzing the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from the Land Long Term Data Record dataset from 1982 to 2011. Results showed that growing-season NDVI had increased at an annual rate of 0.0028, particularly in the semi-arid and semi-humid regions. By contrast, the NDVI first increased from 1982 to 1994 (0.0013 year^?1, P < 0.05) and then decreased from 1994 to 2011 (0.0016 year^?1, P < 0.05) in the arid region. Temperature had a positive effect on NDVI in most periods within and across seasons in the semi-humid region but had no significant effect in the arid region. Precipitation had a positive effect on NDVI in the arid region in summer and in the semi-arid region in autumn. Summer precipitation was important for autumn vegetation growth in the arid region, whereas summer temperature increased autumn vegetation growth in the semi-arid and semi-humid regions. Further analyses supported the lag-time effects of climate change on vegetation growth on the Loess Plateau. Precipitation shifts had 15- to 18-month time lag effects on vegetation growth in the three climate regions. Vegetation NDVI had a 17-month lag response to temperature in the semi-arid region. Human activities should not be neglected in analyzing the relationship between vegetation growth and climate change on the Loess Plateau.     

优势菌对焦化废水中几种有机物降解特性的实验研究

从焦化厂曝气池活性污泥和废水处理工艺出水中筛选出6株革兰氏阳性优势菌,根据菌株、菌落形态和大量生化实验将菌株鉴定到属.确定了降解所需的最佳实验条件.分别为温度30 ℃,转速100　r/min,菌株投加量20%(V(菌液)/V(废水)).实验发现,筛选出的6株优势菌对喹啉、吡啶和萘有良好的降解效果,但以喹啉为碳源和氮源筛选出来的H24,H26和H31对喹啉的去除率优于其他3株菌株,而以萘为唯一碳源的H14对萘的去除率优于其他菌种.6株优势菌的驯化活性污泥能进一步提高对喹啉、吡啶和萘的去除能力,去除率在90%以上.      

生物法处理含油钻井废水的影响因素研究

以含油钻井废水原浆为处理对象,研究了生物法处理过程中的相关影响因素.实验结果表明,氮、磷源是影响钻井废水中石油烃降解的重要因素,最佳氮、磷源及其加入量分别为(NH4)2SO4100 mg/L和KH2PO460 mg/L.在30～36℃,接种量15%,pH=6～8条件下处理72 h后可使钻井废水中的石油烃含量由805.6 mg/L下降到17.6 mg/L.     

全白土催化剂生产废水的处理

用4种无机絮凝剂和3种有机絮凝剂进行了脱除全白土催化剂生产废水（简称废水）中固体悬浮物（SS）的实验研究。实验结果表明：在废水pH6．8条件下,无机絮凝剂和有机絮凝剂脱除废水中SS的效果均较差,用无机絮凝剂时的SS去除率低于26％,用有机絮凝剂时的SS去除率低于18％;废水pH对SS去除率的影响较大,当调节废水pH为8．0时,无机絮凝剂中硫酸铝脱除废水中的SS效果最好,在硫酸铝加入量为0．02mg／L、沉降时间为2h的最佳操作条件下,SS的去除率可达93％。     

空气污染指数模式的改进

我国目前以空气污染指数API报告各城市的环境空气质量。由于我国各地环境空气质量状况差异很大,该方法在报告城市空气质量时具有较大的片面性,不能综合反应污染状况。本文针对现行的API指数法进行了模式推算和改进,新的计算模式可更客观全面地反映城市空气质量。     

圆筒形电化学反应器中有机物电催化的传递特性研究

研究了圆筒形电化学反应器内有机物在电化学降解过程中的传递特性.假设废水以平推流方式通过圆筒形反应器,由电催化过程的质量守恒和法拉第定律导出浓度、电流强度随废水停留时间的变化规律.根据废水中有机物的电化学降解和有机物氧化分解的关系将浓度分布转换成COD分布,并考察了扩散对COD、电流强度分布的影响理论模型和实验数据表明,在传质控制条件下忽略与不忽略扩散的影响,COD、电流强度的分布遵循不同的指数关系.理论模型与实验数据的平均误差为8.6%;极限电流随电解质流量的变化而改变.     

Oxidative degradation of phenol by sulfidated zero valent iron under aerobic conditions: The effect of oxalate and tripolyphosphate ligands

After adding either organic or inorganic ligands, sulfidated nano-zero-valent iron (SnZVI) was used for aerobic degradation of phenol, and the effect of the ligand species on oxidation performance was investigated. We found that SnZVI hardly degraded phenol in the absence of ligand addition. Ligands initiated and promoted the degradation of pollutants by SnZVI. The data herein show that a characteristic inorganic ligand, tripolyphosphate (TPP), is more effective in enhancing oxidation than a characteristic organic ligand oxalate. In addition to the scavenging of reactive oxidants by the organic ligand, more ferrous ion (Fe(II)) dissolution from SnZVI in the TPP system is another cause for the superior enhancement by the inorganic ligand. In the oxalate system, as the sulfur content of SnZVI increased, the oxidation efficiency increased because FeS shell promoted the transfer of electrons to produce more reactive oxygen species (ROS). In TPP system, the effect of sulfur content on oxidation performance is more complex. The SnZVI with low sulfur content showed poor oxidation performance compared with that of nZVI. Further experiments proved that sulfidation might weaken the complexation of TPP with surface bound Fe, which would slow down the ionic Fe(II) dissolution rate. Therefore, sulfidation has the dual effects of enhancing electron transfer and inhibiting the complexation of inorganic ligands. In addition, the mechanisms of ROS generation in different ligand systems were investigated herein. Results showed that the critical ROS in both the oxalate and TPP systems are hydroxyl radicals, and that they are produced via one-electron activation of O₂.