Comparison between controlled landfill reactor and conditioned landfill bioreactor

Bioreactor landfills allow a more active landfill management that recognizes the biological, chemical and physical processes involved in a landfill environment. The laboratory-scale simulators of landfill reactors treating municipal solid wastes were studied, the effect of solid waste size, leachate recirculation, nutrient balance, pH value, moisture content and temperature on the rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) biodegradation were determined, and it indicated the optimum pH value, moisture content and temperature decomposing MSW. The results of waste biodegradation were compared with that of the leachate-recirculated landfill simulator and conservative sanitary landfill simulator. In the control experiment the antitheses of a decreasing trend of the organic load, measured as biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, was shown. An obvious enhancement of effective disposal from conservative sanitary landfill (CSL) simulator, to the leachate-recirculated landfill (LRL) simulator and to the conditioned bioreactor landfill(CBL) simulator would be noted, through displaying the compared results of solid waste settlement, heavy, metal concentration in leachate, methane production rate, biogas composition, BOD and COD as well as their ratio.     

Fire and Explosion Index calculation method incorporating classified safety measure credits

Based on an analysis of two methods for the modification of the F&EI for the DOW Guide, it is found that the effects of safety measures are not classified. Moreover, the efficiency of the measures is magnified to various degrees, as the positive impact of the loss reduction measures are applied to the rate reduction of the intrinsic hazard in the evaluated unit. For this reason, a modification method using classified safety measures is proposed, in which safety measures are classified into process protection measures and loss reduction measures. The calculation of the modified F&EI involves the credit factors of process protection measures, whereas the determination of the maximum probable property damage incorporates the loss reduction measures. This method could provide more reasonable reference data for hazard units because of its more objective and reasonable evaluation results.     

Examining the interpersonal process and consequence of leader–member exchange comparison: The role of procedural justice climate

Individuals are always sensitive to their relative standing in interpersonal comparison processes of leader–member exchanges (LMXs) in teams. Little research, however, has investigated whether coworkers with a higher LMX influence the emotional and behavioral reactions of individuals with a lower LMX in different dyads. Drawing on social comparison theory and the symbolic model of procedural justice (PJ) climate, we conducted 2 independent studies—an experimental study focusing on the self‐perceived upward LMX comparison (i.e., an individual perceives that a coworker's LMX is higher than the LMX that he or she has with the supervisor; N = 203; Study 1: American working adults) and a field survey study focusing on the other‐perceived downward LMX comparison (i.e., a coworker perceives that his or her own LMX is higher than the LMX that the individual has with the supervisor; N = 177; Study 2: Chinese software engineers). Results from these studies consistently revealed that a coworker's higher LMX elicits an individual's hostile emotions when the PJ climate is low but that this relationship is buffered when the PJ climate is high. Results of both studies also showed that the coworker's higher LMX arouses the individual to direct harmful behavior toward that coworker (via the individual's feelings of hostility) when the PJ climate is low but not when it is high.     

脉动通风在螺旋隧道施工期的应用研究

为提高施工期通风排除污染物效率,将脉动通风方法应用于螺旋隧道中,通过理论分析研究脉动通风在隧道施工期排除污染物的原理,采用FLUENT软件模拟不同脉动幅值、脉动频率下隧道内污染物浓度变化情况。研究结果表明:脉动通风可有效减少螺旋隧道内涡流区面积,优化隧道风流流场;脉动通风方式可使积聚在涡流区内的污染物产生纵向脉动速度,并加强风流横向脉动;脉动通风对爆破后排出CO气体效果不明显,但对降低喷浆过程粉尘浓度效果显著,数值模拟与理论研究结果吻合;排除污染物效果与脉动幅值无明显关系,与频率关系显著,且频率较小时效果更好。     

阿司匹林生产用废弃活性炭的微波一步再生

阿司匹林生产过程中会产生大量的粉末状废弃活性炭,对环境造成了较大的影响。提出了不外加活化气体的微波加热一步再生法再生废弃活性炭,使之循环利用。通过试验考察了再生温度、再生时间和物料厚度等因素对再生活性炭吸附性能和得率的影响。在再生温度700℃、再生时间10 min和物料厚度20 mm的优化条件下,亚甲基蓝吸附量为180 mg/g,再生活性炭的得率为40.875%,与常规方法再生药用活性炭相比,降低了再生温度,再生时间缩短了50%左右。此时再生活性炭的比表面积为1 296 m~2/g,平均孔径为3.016nm,适合于吸附亚甲基蓝,总孔体积为0.977 4 m L/g,其中微孔占47.81%,表明微孔和中孔都较为发达。扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱图分析表明,活性炭孔隙和表面性质得到了有效的再生恢复。微波一步再生法避免了通入活化气体而导致大量粉末活性炭被带走的问题,并且该方法具有速度快、效率高等优势。     

Probabilistic risk assessment for pedestrian–vehicle collision considering uncertainties of pedestrian mobility

Objectives: The uncertainties of pedestrian mobility are important factors affecting the accuracy and robustness of an active pedestrian protection system. This study is to provide the means for probabilistic risk evaluation of pedestrian–vehicle collision by counting the uncertainties in pedestrian motion.

Method: The pedestrian is modeled by a first-order Markov model to characterize the stochastic properties in mobility according to field experiments of pedestrians crossing an uncontrolled road. Based on the assumption of Gaussian distribution, unscented transformation (UT) is employed to predict the collision risk probability with the symmetric σ-set constructed on the basis of discrete trajectory simulation. Simulation experiments were carried out with 10,000 Monte Carlo (MC) simulations as the reference.

Results: The probability density distributions of time-to-collision, minimal distance, and collision probability estimated by UT coincide with the reference ones under various vehicle–pedestrian conflict scenarios, and the maximal deviation of collision probability from the reference is 5.33%. The UT method is about 600 times faster than the MC method (10,000 runs), which means that the proposed method has the potential for online application.

Conclusions: This article presents an effective and efficient algorithm to estimate the collision probability by using a UT method to solve the nonlinear transformation of uncertainties in pedestrian motion. Simulation results show that the UT-based method achieves accurate collision probability estimation and higher computation efficiency than MC and provides more valuable information concerning collision avoidance than the deterministic methods in the design of a pedestrian collision avoidance system.     

基于系统和谐交互机制的本质安全人的构建

为提高系统的整体安全性,需要首先实现人的本质安全化.在考虑系统元素间以及元素和系统环境间的和谐交互作用的基础上,建立了系统安全度模型,对本质安全人进行了定义,明确了构建途径.在确立人员本质安全度评价项目并建立好BP神经网络预测模型后,采用MATLAB对测试数据进行了编程计算,数据的期望输出值和仿真输出值吻合较好,为系统...     

基于脆性结构崩溃的复杂系统安全事故致因分析

为探索复杂系统安全事故的本质致因,为安全事故的预防提供有效措施,对复杂系统结构崩溃的必然性进行分析,指出复杂系统的结构是一种具有潜在崩溃趋势的脆性结构。通过分析复杂系统脆性结构的崩溃过程,对复杂系统的安全状态和连锁崩溃进行数学描述,提出控制安全关键子系统崩溃的策略。在分析复杂系统结构脆性因子及其关联的基础上,构建基于熵的复杂系统安全度模型,结果表明,安全约束的缺乏或失效是复杂系统安全事故的本质致因。     

面向新型航空装备系统的安全保障模式研究

四代机和大型运输机作为新型的航空装备,因其具有更为先进的技术性能,导致服役风险的增大。为促进国内四代机装备部队后战斗力的迅速形成,提出了一种基于和谐交互机制的安全保障模式。通过建立系统安全度模型,揭示了航空装备系统本质安全化的规律,即注重系统组元本质安全化的同时,强调系统组元内部及其与外界环境间的和谐交互作用。分析了系统安全保障模式中的人的本质安全化和环境的本质安全化,阐述了三类本质安全人的职责和相互关系;借用辐射理念,建立了系统安全辐射模型,提出安全辐射是扩大安全效益的有效手段;对航空装备系统本质安全化中的总效用和边际效用进行了数学描述,认为系统组元达到有机耦合是安全效用最大化的唯一途径,所述观点为新型航空装备的安全服役有一定指导意义。     

复杂系统安全涌现及其控制策略研究

复杂系统事故成因的复杂性促使人们从系统科学和复杂性科学的角度来分析和处理复杂系统的安全问题.通过探讨复杂系统可靠性和安全性的关系,论证安全是复杂系统的整体涌现这一论题.通过分析系统安全涌现的内涵,提出用于度量复杂系统风险状态的风险熵理论,给出了复杂系统安全事故立体致因网络的构建方法,并提出了通过控制复杂致因网络上风险熵的动力学传播过程来控制复杂系统安全涌现的研究思路.研究结论对复杂系统安全问题的研究有推动作用.