Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province,China

The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province. This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 53 manure and 50 amended soil samples from 16 livestock farms in Jiangsu province were collected for analysis. In the manure samples, the highest detected frequencies and concentrations were those of tetracyclines (TCs, 54.1 ± 5775.6 μgkg^?1), followed by fluoroquinolones (FQs, 8.4 ± 435.6 μgkg^?1), sulphonamides (SAs, 3.2 ± 5.2 μgkg^?1) and macrolides (MACs, 0.4 ± 110.5 μgkg^?1). Statistical analysis was used to illuminate the pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics for various animal types and different regions in Jiangsu province. The results showed that the pollution level in cow manure was relatively lower compared with pig and chicken manure due to the relative restriction of medication. Furthermore, contamination was serious in amended soil from chicken farms. The pollution level in manure among different regions was higher to the south and north compared with the centre of the region. The same outcome was found for soil. Antibiotic residues in organic fertilizer were also investigated in this study. We found that although the detected concentration was lower in organic fertilizer than in fresh manure, detection frequencies (10–90%) were high, especially for roxithromycin (90%) in MACs (30–90%). This finding suggests attention should be paid to the pollution levels in organic fertilizer. This study is the first extensive investigation of the occurrence and distribution of many kinds of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil from livestock farms of Jiangsu province. This investigation systematically assesses veterinary antibiotics usage and related emissions in southeast China.     

Variations of metal distribution in sewage sludge composting

In the study, the variations of heavy metal distributions (of Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) during the sewage sludge composting process were investigated by sequential extraction procedures. The total content of Cu and Zn in the composted mixture increased after the composting process. Mn and Zn were mainly found in mobile fractions (exchangeable fraction (F1), carbonate fraction (F2), and Fe/Mn oxide fraction (F3)). Cu and Pb were strongly associated with the stable fractions (organic matter/sulfides fraction (F4) and residual fraction (F5)). These five metal fractions were used to calculate the metal mobility (bioavailability) in the sewage sludge and composted mixture. The mobility (bioavailability) of Mn, Pb, and Zn (but not Cu) increased during the composting process. The metal mobility in the composted mixture ranked in the following order: Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu.     

Influence of clay minerals on the reduction of Cr6+ by citric acid

The influence of clay minerals on the reduction of Cr6+ by citric acid was investigated at pH values 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 at 25 degrees C. The results indicate that montmorillonite and illite greatly accelerate the reduction reactions at pH 4.0 and 4.5, but their effects are dramatically reduced at pH 5.0. The role of clay minerals in accelerating the reactions is in the order: illite>montmorillonite>kaolinite, which has a positive correlation with the amount of Mn2+ adsorbed on the surfaces of these minerals. With light, Fe(3+) also significantly increases reaction rates. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) greatly suppresses the acceleration of the reduction reactions by these minerals, indicating that EDTA competes with citric acid for Mn2+. Thus, the formation of complexes between Mn(2+) and citric acid could be a prerequisite for the acceleration of the reductions of Cr6+ by clay minerals. In addition, there is no relationship between the specific surface area of clay minerals and the reduction rate of Cr6+ by citric acid.     

Assessment of population exposure to particulate matter pollution in Chongqing, China

To determine the population exposure to PM(10) in Chongqing, China, we developed an indirect model by combining information on the time activity patterns of various demographic subgroups with estimates of the PM(10) concentrations in different microenvironments (MEs). The spatial and temporal variations of the exposure to PM(10) were illustrated in a geographical information system (GIS). The population weighted exposure (PWE) for the entire population was 229, 155 and 211 microg/m(3), respectively, in winter, summer and as the annual average. Indoor PM(10) level at home was the largest contributor to the PWE, especially for the rural areas where high pollution levels were found due to solid fuels burning. Elder people had higher PM(10) exposure than adults and youth, due to more time spent in indoor MEs. The highest health risk due to particulate was found in the city zone and northeast regions, suggesting that pollution abatement should be prioritized in these areas.     

Comparison of China’s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Law with the European Union (EU) EIA Directive

In this paper, we first review the development of China’s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system in the past 30 years. Then we compare the framework and operational procedures of China’s new EIA law with those of the EU EIA Directive. We also compare public participation, as well as sanctions and control in the two EIA systems. In addition, we identify where the processes in both EIA systems are similar or different from one another. By comparison, we noted that there are at least three obvious weaknesses in China’s EIA system: (1) the application of new models for EIA legislation; (2) the improvement of EIA guidance and education; and (3) the enhancement of public participation in EIA process. Our study indicates that these three major shortcomings should be overcome and improved in China’s EIA system, when compared with the EU EIA system.     

PH3液相催化氧化净化研究

以Mn2 和Pd2 为催化剂的吸收液对含低浓度PH3的混合气进行了液相催化氧化净化研究.考察了催化剂配比、混合气中O2浓度、PH3初始浓度、反应温度、气体流量和吸收液pH与PH3净化效率的关系.结果表明,催化剂中Pd2 与Mn2 的质量比为1:4时可获得较佳的净化效果;随着混合气中O2浓度的增加,吸收液对PH3的净化效率有所提高;在20～75℃内,低温对PH3净化有利,较适宜的反应温度为20℃;较低的PH3初始浓度和低气体流量均有利于PH3的净化;较高的pH有利于吸收液中催化剂催化效能的发挥.吸收液对PH3的净化效率可达100%,但因吸收液中的金属离子易与催化氧化PH3产生的PO3-4形成沉淀,使金属离子脱离液相催化氧化系统,吸收液失效较快.     

Implications of urine-to-feces ratio in the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of swine waste.

Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure represents a potential waste treatment technology to address environmental concerns, such as odor emissions and removal of pathogenic microorganisms. However, there are concerns relative to the stability of this process when swine manure is the sole substrate. In this study, the potential of biogas production from swine manure as the sole substrate under thermophilic (50 degrees C) conditions was investigated in the laboratory, to determine whether separation of urine and feces as part of the waste collection process would benefit anaerobic digestion. Effluent from a continuously stirred tank reactor was used as the inoculum for batch tests, in which the substrate contained three different concentrations of urine (urine-free, as-excreted urine-to-feces ratio and double the as-excreted urine-to-feces ratio). Inocula were acclimated to these same urine-to-feces ratios to determine methane production. Results show that both urine-free and as-excreted substrates were not inhibitory to anaerobic inocula. Anaerobic microorganisms can be readily acclimated to substrate with double the as-excreted urine concentration, which contained nitrogen concentrations up to 7.20 g/L. Cumulative methane production reached similar levels in the batch tests, regardless of the substrate urine concentration.     

海洋环境服役发动机腐蚀损伤分析及防护能力提升建议

通过我国航空发动机海洋环境服役过程中腐蚀情况的调研,结合文献资料,分析腐蚀防护与控制技术的应用现状,提出未来工作建议。目前海洋环境服役航空发动机的腐蚀防护与控制缺少贯穿方案论证、设计研制、使用维修等全寿命周期各阶段的综合考虑,制约解决腐蚀问题的关键技术没有突破,研制生产过程中,存在耐腐蚀性能评估不合理的问题。应开展腐蚀智能监测、识别、模拟仿真等技术的研发与应用,实现海洋环境服役发动机的腐蚀损伤监控与预警,构建发动机腐蚀环境适应性试验评价技术体系,满足新体制下装备试验鉴定工作要求。急需开展长寿命防护涂层技术、维护技术专项研究,以适应严酷海洋大气环境和航空动力装置高可靠性研制要求。     

活性碳纤维改性技术研究进展

介绍了活性碳纤维(ACF)的孔结构及表面官能团,综述了国内外ACF改性技术的研究现状.ACF的改性主要包括孔结构调控和表面化学改性,表面化学改性包括氧化还原法、表面负载法、浸渍法、热处理法、远程等离子体处理法、微波辐照法等,也可将多种方法结合来对ACF进行改性,以改善和提高ACF的吸附性能.在总结现有研究的基础上,对ACF改性技术发展趋势进行了展望.     

UASB反应器处理染料及印染废水的研究进展

综述了国内外UASB反应器处理染料及印染废水的研究概况.分析了UASB反应器处理废水存在的问题,并给出了相应的建议.展望了UASB反应器处理染料及印染废水的发展趋势,指出厌氧UASB-好氧法组合工艺是目前处理染料及印染废水的一种经济而有效的方法.