气相色谱法同时测定空气中五种烷烃类化合物

本文建立了同时测定工作场所空气中5种烷烃类化合物(正戊烷、正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、正壬烷)的溶剂解吸气相色谱法,对所建立方法测定正辛烷的不确定度进行了评价。结果表明,该方法快速、简单,检出限低,精密度和准确度高,适用于工作场所空气中烷烃类化合物同时测定。     

Investigation of carbonyl compound sources at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China

Carbonyl compounds are important intermediates in atmospheric photochemistry, but their primary sources are still not understood well. In this work, carbonyls, hydrocarbons,and alkyl nitrates were continuously measured during November 2011 at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and hydrocarbons showed large fluctuations during the entire measurement. The average level for total measured volatile organic compounds during the pollution episode from 25 th to 27 th November, 2011 was 91.6 ppb, about 7 times the value for the clean period of 7th–8th, November, 2011. To preliminarily identify toluene sources at this site, the emission ratio of toluene to benzene(T/B) during the pollution episode was determined based on photochemical ages derived from the relationship of alkyl nitrates to their parent alkanes. The calculated T/B was5.8 ppb/ppb, significantly higher than the values of 0.2–1.7 ppb/ppb for vehicular exhaust and other combustion sources, indicating the dominant influence of industrial emissions on ambient toluene. The contributions of industrial sources to ambient carbonyls were then calculated using a multiple linear regression fit model that used toluene and alkyl nitrates as respective tracers for industrial emission and secondary production. During the pollution episode, 18.5%, 69.0%, and 52.9% of measured formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were considered to be attributable to industrial emissions. The emission ratios relative to toluene for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were determined to be 0.10, 0.20 and0.40 ppb/ppb, respectively. More research on industrial carbonyl emission characteristics is needed to understand carbonyl sources better.     

科技创新在生态文明建设中的作用和贡献

科技创新是第一生产力,生态文明建设同样需要依靠科技创新来支撑。本文通过分析科技创新与生态文明建设的关系,定量化分析了科技进步对污染减排的重要贡献作用,识别了现阶段科技创新促进生态文明建设的主要途径,并从提高科学认识、构建指标体系、研发关键创新技术、完善政策体系、培养科技人才等方面提出未来依靠科技创新促进生态文明建设的战略对策。     

基于本土物种的3种典型化合物急性生态效应阈值研究

预测无效应浓度(PNEC)是进行风险污染物水生态安全管理的重要依据。本研究进行了3种典型化合物五氯酚、硝基苯和氯化镉对10种我国不同营养级水生生物的24 h、48 h和96 h的急性毒性测试,根据实验结果计算了相应的急性PNEC,同时与根据美国环境保护局毒性数据库里的毒性数据计算获得的急性PNEC值,以及综合本实验结果与毒性数据库里的数据计算得到的急性PNEC值进行对比,发现通过3种数据来源获得的急性PNEC值中,硝基苯的PNEC值差异较大,由本次实验结果获得的急性PNEC值最小;其他2种化合物差异较小。这可能是由于本次实验所选的本土生物中华田螺和麦穗鱼对硝基苯比较敏感,并且数据库中硝基苯的急性致死数据较少、毒性值较大且变化范围较窄,而其他2种化合物数据量较为丰富,变化范围较宽,包括了较敏感物种的毒性数据。这表明为给我国水生生物提供一个安全可靠的保护,对于数据量较为丰富并且毒性值变化较宽的化合物(如五氯酚和氯化镉)可以直接根据数据库里的毒性数据进行PNEC值的计算;而对于毒性数据量较少、毒性值偏大且变化较窄的化合物(如硝基苯)需要进行本土敏感物种的毒性测试。     

镉胁迫下蓖麻对镉及矿质元素的富集特征

目前中国农田遭受镉污染的情况日益严重。蓖麻(Ricinus communis L.)是一种能源作物,同时对镉有较高的耐性和富集能力,因此利用蓖麻资源为合理利用镉污染农田提供了一种可行的途径。在温室条件下(5~32℃)采用盆栽试验,设定2个镉质量分数梯度(2.396和5.396 mg·kg-1),研究镉胁迫下30种蓖麻品种茎、叶和果实对镉和矿质元素(铝、钼、铜、钙、锌、硫、磷、镁、锰和铁)吸收和富集特征,以及矿质营养元素与镉富集的相关性。结果表明:镉在不同组织的分布情况为茎叶果实,铝、钼、硫、锰和铁在不同组织的分布为叶果实茎,钙和镁在不同组织的分布为叶茎果实,铜、锌和磷在不同组织的分布为果实叶茎。在低镉质量分数(2.396 mg·kg-1)处理条件下,茎、叶和果实中镉质量分数变化范围分别为0.600~1.670、0.310~1.970和0.130~0.909 mg·kg-1,平均值分别为1.030、0.831和0.362 mg·kg-1。在高镉质量分数(5.396mg·kg-1)处理条件下,茎、叶和果实中镉质量分数变化范围分别为1.012~4.032、0.698~3.514和0.227~1.525 mg·kg-1,平均值分别为1.964、1.583和0.694 mg·kg-1。蓖麻茎、叶和果实对镉和矿质元素(铝、钼、铜、钙、锌、硫、磷、镁、锰和铁)的富集受蓖麻品种和土壤中镉含量的显著影响。钙、硫、镁、铁的积累与镉的吸收呈显著正相关关系;锌、锰、铜、磷的积累与镉的吸收呈显著负相关关系,而铝、钼的积累与镉的吸收无显著相关关系。因此,合理调控污染土壤中矿质元素的含量可以提高蓖麻对镉污染土壤的修复效率。     

铜锈环棱螺室内实验条件优化

铜锈环棱螺作为一种新兴的潜在生态毒理学模式生物,适宜实验条件是开展其室内毒理学研究的基础。在人为控制条件下,初步探讨了饵料、水深、底质、密度和钙离子浓度养殖条件对铜锈环棱螺成体生长的影响,并进一步对麻醉条件进行了筛选(Mg Cl2·2H2O、乙醇、丁香酚、盐酸普鲁卡因和MS-222)。结果表明:当投喂冰鲜小球藻、密度6个·L-1水体积、水深10~15cm、泥土底质并且水中钙离子浓度30 mg·L-1时,铜锈环棱螺的体重增长最为明显。麻醉效果表明,Mg Cl2·2H2O对成螺的麻醉时间短并且伤害小,可作为实验用麻醉剂首选。以上研究结果为发展以铜锈环棱螺为模式生物开展环境(生态)毒理学研究奠定了基础。     

Rescue effects of Se-enriched rice on physiological and biochemical characteristics in cadmium poisoning mice

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Cadmium (Cd) is an element injurious for human health and is possibly toxic to organisms at minor concentrations. While some of other trace metallic...     

Photoelectrochemical performance of birnessite films and photoelectrocatalytic activity toward oxidation of phenol

Birnessite films on fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO) coated glass were prepared by cathodic reduction of aqueous KMnO_4. The deposited birnessite films were characterized with X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.The photoelectrochemical activity of birnessite films was investigated and a remarkable photocurrent in response to visible light was observed in the presence of phenol, resulting from localized manganese d–d transitions. Based on this result, the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of phenol was investigated. Compared with phenol degradation by the electrochemical oxidation process or photocatalysis separately, a synergetic photoelectrocatalytic degradation effect was observed in the presence of the birnessite film coated FTO electrode.Photoelectrocatalytic degradation ratios were influenced by film thickness and initial phenol concentrations. Phenol degradation with the thinnest birnessite film and initial phenol concentration of 10 mg/L showed the highest efficiency of 91.4% after 8 hr. Meanwhile, the kinetics of phenol removal was fit well by the pseudofirst-order kinetic model.     

Effects of synthesis methods on catalytic activities of CoOx–TiO2 for low-temperature NH3-SCR of NO

A series of cobalt doped TiO_2(Co-TiO_2) and Co Oxloaded TiO_2(Co/TiO_2) catalysts prepared by sol–gel and impregnation methods respectively were investigated on selective catalytic reduction with NH_3(NH_3-SCR) of NO. It was found that Co-TiO_2 catalyst showed more preferable catalytic activity at low temperature range. From characterization results of XRD,TEM, Raman and FT-IR, Co species were proved to be doped into TiO_2 lattice by replaced Ti atoms. After being characterized and analyzed by NH_3-TPD, PL, XPS, EPR and DRIFTS, it was found that the better NH_3-SCR activities of Co-TiO_2 catalysts, compared with Co/TiO_2 catalyst, were ascribed to the formation of more oxygen vacancies which further promoted the production of more superoxide ions(O-2). The superoxide ions were crucial for the formation of low temperature SCR reaction intermediates(NO-3) by reacting with adsorbed NO molecule. Therefore, these aspects were responsible for the higher low temperature NH_3-SCR activity of Co-TiO_2 catalysts.