RC减震结构中震设计简化分析研究∗

为探究中震设计与现行小震设计在性能指标上的差异,首先分析了整体中震设计与小震设计在概念上的区别,对比了这两种理念下结构构件的内力放大情况,进而从宏观上把握不同设计方法对结构整体和构件层面的影响;其次基于加速度设计反应谱和位移设计反应谱推导了中震作用下单自由度简化体系总等效阻尼的表达式,理论分析了中震等效阻尼与结构层间位移、设防烈度、结构周期及“周期比”的关系,并进行了简单的证明;给出不同设防烈度下该简化体系的中震总等效阻尼比和刚度的速查表格,便于快速评估多层规则结构的中震阻尼和刚度需求;最后结合黏滞阻尼器(1-FVD)、摩擦阻尼器(2-FD)和软钢阻尼器(3-MYD)三个算例对本文提出的中震阻尼和刚度需求评估方法予以展示总结。结果表明,现行小震设计或可满足中震设计的性能要求,其中一、二级一般框架结构的柱构件基本满足中震不屈,一级底层柱满足中震弹性,一级剪力墙构件加强区剪力满足中震不屈;值得注意的是,对低设防烈度、长周期结构,中震附加阻尼比会出现负值和局部震荡现象;通过同时调整附加阻尼和结构刚度进行中震设计的策略相对合理可行;项目前期评估时可通过插值速查表格的方法初步确定附加阻尼比,进而指导减震方案。中震设计的理论分析和工程应用尚显不足,“强柱弱梁”“强剪弱弯”等基本设计原则的满足性问题有待进一步研究。     

基于后悔值模型的化工园区应急避难场所选址分析

化工园区内危险源数量多,分布广,易发生火灾爆炸等突发性灾害事故,人员应急避难场所选址相对复杂。以后悔值理论为基础,结合效用函数,构建了后悔值模型对化工园区内避难场所选址问题进行研究。主要考虑了园区内各化工企业区域分布、事故影响范围、避难人数需求、事故发生概率等因素对避难所选址的影响,结合灾害时避难人数分布情况和从聚集点向避难所转移实际所需时间提出了等效时间的概念。最后将模型应用于小虎岛化工园区避难所的选址问题,并对模型中表征风险规避程度的参数θ和后悔遗憾程度的参数δ的敏感性进行了分析。     

Detection of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol by liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum (LLE-GCMS) and solid phase extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum (SPE-GCMS)

Two sample preparation methods were introduced and compared in this paper to establish a simple, quick and exact analysis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. LC-18 column was employed in solid phase extraction (SPE), 1.0 mL of hexane was adopted in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatograph mass spectrum (GCMS) in selected ion mode. Mean recoveries of SPE were low for 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GSM) with values below 50%. For LLE, the recoveries were satisfyingly above 50% for 2-MIB and 80% for GSM. Detection limits of the LLE method were as low as 1.0 ng/L for GSM and 5.0 ng/L for 2-MIB. A year-long investigation on odor chemicals of drinking water in Shanghai demonstrated that in the summer, there was a serious odor problem induced by a high concentration of 2-MIB. The highest concentration of 152.82 ng/L appeared in July in raw water, while GSM flocculation was minimal with concentrations below odor threshold.     

中小型危化品企业安全生产标准化建设过程中的问题及对策

分析了中小型危化品企业的现状,归纳汇总了中小型危化品企业安全生产标准化建设过程中存在的一些亟待解决的共性问题,提出了相应的对策及建议.     

Microwave enhanced chemical reduction process for nitrite-containing wastewater treatment using sulfaminic acid

High-concentration nitrite-containing wastewater that presents extreme toxicity to human health and organisms is difficult to be treated using traditional biological process. In this study, a novel microwave-enhanced chemical reduction process (MECRP) using sulfaminic acid (SA) was proposed as a new manner to treat such type of wastewater. Based on lab-scale experiments, it was shown that 75%-80% nitrite (NO2-) could be removed within time as short as 4 min under 50 W microwave irradiation in pH range 5-10 ...     

基于BP神经网络的机车车辆智能火灾防控系统设计

设计了一种分布式模块化机车车辆智能火灾防控系统,该系统由车载主处理器、多个车载现场处理器、多个传感器和多个执行器构成,各控制单元可根据各种机车车辆车型灵活配置。车载主处理器通过BP人工神经网络算法实现对火警的智能识别,可根据环境因素调节火警判断时的相关参数,适用性强,有效提高火灾防控的准确性,进而更好地保障机车车辆的运行安全。     

大尺度区域非点源污染负荷计算方法

针对我国非点源污染研究中存在的主要矛盾,即已有的实验和研究多集中在小流域和小区域范围内(10000 km2以下),而缺乏全流域尺度下的非点源污染负荷估算方法,通过分析非点源污染负荷研究中的尺度问题及其解决途径,提出了大尺度区域非点源污染负荷的计算方法,以适应规划层次下非点源污染控制和管理的需要.研究在分析非点源污染负荷产生和迁移途径的基础上,依据水文产汇流和污染物迁移过程,建立了大区域尺度非点源污染负荷估算模型;在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,分别按城市径流、农业生产、农村居民点和畜禽养殖4种类型,计算了2000年我国10个一级水资源区的溶解态非点源污染负荷量.结果表明,2000年全国范围内非点源污染情况比较严重,耗氧有机物(以COD计)、TN、TP和NH4 -N的人河量分别达到6.65×106t、3.28×106t、1.56×106t和0.83×106t.最后,采用各流域机构的非点源污染调查数据(2000年),对模型计算结果进行了验证,结果表明,模型结构基本合理,计算结果具有一定的可靠性.     

Comprehensive emergy evaluation and optimization of corn straw power generation system: a case study

Biomass energy has become an important measure to alleviate ecological environment security and energy supply security in China. Emergy accounting method is used to analyze and evaluate economy, environment, and sustainability of corn straw generation system, which includes corn planting subsystem, collection and transportation subsystem, and corn straw power generation subsystem. The key substances that need to be optimized in the system are identified by using sensitivity analysis. Based on the position of key substances in the system, emergy accounting optimization methodology is conducted. Corresponding optimization design scheme is proposed based on the “3R” (reduce, reuse, and recycle) principle of circular economy. Current study shows that emergy yield ratio, emergy investment ratio, environmental loading ratio, and emergy sustainability index of the corn straw power generation system are 3.69, 2.68, 1.61, and 2.29, respectively, which are better than wind power generation system and thermal power generation system. In addition, it is proposed that the fertilizer alternative plan and the transportation redesign plan can replace 50,000 tons potash and reduce equipment resources by 20% and energy resources input by 30%. Economy and sustainable development of the system is significantly improved. The optimization design method based on the “3R“ principle proposed in this paper can provide a useful reference for the research in the field of resource recycling.     

岩石破坏失稳的声发射响应与损伤定量表征研究

为了探索在外载荷作用下岩石的损伤演化规律及声发射响应特征,实现损伤程度的定量表征,以标准岩石试件为研究对象,采用RMT-301岩石力学试验系统和DS5-8B全信息声发射仪,开展单轴加载条件下岩石破坏全过程的声发射(AE)试验研究,根据声发射参数、声发射源三维定位、声发射能量密度和岩石力学分析表征其破坏形态,再现岩石裂隙孕育、发展和贯通过程,揭示岩石破坏规律、能量密度分布特征、裂隙空间演化和AE时序参数;以时间为中间变量,建立声发射累计振铃计数和应力、应变及损伤变量的耦合关系;基于岩石损伤演化方程,进一步建立声发射累积能量和应力、应变的定量模型。研究结果对揭示岩石破坏机制、区分岩体强度具有指导意义,为矿山煤岩动力灾害的预测预警提供一定理论支撑。