化工反应装置危险性分析模式的研究

从近年来化工企业的安全生产事故可以看出,化工生产由于其自身的特点,具有较大的火灾爆炸危险性,因此,正确地对化工企业生产的危险性进行分析,对准确地评价化工企业的安全生产状况非常重要.针对化工企业的安全生产特点,提出了一种针对化工反应装置的危险性分析模式,不仅考虑了生产原料及工艺设备,同时也对工艺过程进行了危险性分析.应用实例表明,该模式对于化工装置的危险性分析具有较强的针对性和可靠性.     

杭州大气颗粒物散射消光特性及霾天气污染特征

2011年7月~2012年6月期间,对大气散射系数、颗粒物浓度及气象因子进行同步观测,以评估颗粒物散射消光对杭州市大气能见度的影响.结果表明,杭州市大气颗粒物散射系数日均值变化范围为108.4~1 098.1 Mm-1,年均值为428.62Mm-1±200.2 Mm-1.散射系数呈明显的季节变化,秋冬高,夏季低.日变化呈典型的双峰型,早峰出现在08:00,晚峰出现在21:00.PM2.5和PM10的散射效率分别为7.6 m2·g-1和4.4 m2·g-1,颗粒物散射消光占总消光比例的90.2%.灰霾和重度灰霾天气下,散射系数分别为684.4 Mm-1±218.1 Mm-1和1 095.4 Mm-1±397.7 Mm-1,达到非霾天气的2.6和4.2倍,表明颗粒物散射消光作用是导致杭州市大气能见度下降和灰霾天气发生的主要因素.     

扬州市不同行政区域空气重金属污染评价

采用活藓监测法,选择广泛分布的小羽藓为材料,对扬州市区、高邮市、仪征市、宝应县4个区域空气中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Hg 7种重金属元素污染情况进行监测.利用污染因子分析法、内梅罗综合指数分析法及重金属污染潜在生态风险评价法对不同区域空气重金属危害等级进行评价.结果表明:Zn、Pb、Cd元素主要污染地区为扬州市区,Cu元素主要污染地区为仪征市,Ni、Hg元素主要污染地区为宝应县,Cr元素主要污染地区为高邮市.4个区域空气重金属均处于重度污染水平,存在强生态风险.就整体而言,7种重金属元素中Cd、Zn、Hg为主要污染元素,污染情况最为严重,而Cu、Ni污染程度相对较轻.区域间空气重金属污染特征差别显著,制造业与港口航运发达的南部仪征市、江都区等地比以农业为主的北部宝应县污染重,污染程度由高到低为扬州市区仪征市高邮市宝应县.     

Multi-factors influencing the spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils surrounding drinking water protection zone

We selected the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China as a case where an industrial area locates on the upwind corner to study the influence of human activities and natural processes on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. Soil PAH concentrations in the study area follow a log-normal probability distribution function, suggesting that distribution of PAH in soils was affected by human activities. Distribution of PAHs in soils was significantly affected by the point source that high PAH concentrations were observed in near industrial area with an obvious declining trend from the northwest to the southeast which was the prevailing wind direction in this area. Away from the influence of point source, distribution of PAHs in soils was found to significantly correlate with total organic carbon content, while the influences of agricultural land uses and type of soil texture on the total soil PAHs contents and ring compositions were quite limited. The results can provide some evidences and data on the pollutant accumulation in drink water protection area influenced by natural processes and human activities.     

GB/T28001-2011 4.3.1要素关键点分析

从危险源辨识和风险评价程序、方法和控制措施的确定几个方面,对GB/T28001-2011《职业健康安全管理体系要求》的4.3.1要素进行了关键点分析.     

基于鱼类完整性指数的滦河流域生态系统健康评价

生物完整性指数作为评价河流健康的重要工具,对流域管理有明确的指导作用.为全面掌握滦河流域生态系统健康状况,构建F-IBI（鱼类完整性指数）,开展滦河流域生态系统健康评价.于2016年10-11月对滦河流域58个采样点收集了鱼类与环境数据,根据栖息地质量评分与水质等级来确定参考点（12个）和受损点（7个）.利用分布范围检验、敏感性分析及冗余检验对20个候选指标进行筛选,以获得构建F-IBI的核心指标.采用1、3、5赋分法对核心指标进行赋分,并计算F-IBI最终得分.利用分位数法将F-IBI划分为"健康" "亚健康" "一般" "差" "极差"5个等级.利用非参数检验对F-IBI的适用性进行校验.结果表明:①鱼类物种数、个体数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、底栖食性鱼类个体百分比、耐受性鱼类个体百分比、产黏性卵鱼类个体百分比、产沉性卵鱼类个体百分比、上层鱼类个体百分比和广布种鱼类个体百分比等9个指标被筛选出,其适合作为构建F-IBI的核心指标.②F-IBI计算结果表明滦河流域58个采样点中,"健康"和"亚健康"等级采样点有22个,"一般"等级采样点22个,"差"和"极差"等级采样点14个.滦河干支流上游地区健康状况较好,干流中下游及部分独流入海河流健康状况较差,这主要受到不同地区社会经济发展的影响.③Mann-Whitney U检验发现,F-IBI在参考点与非参考点之间有显著差异,栖息地综合得分随F-IBI评价等级降低而下降,在"健康"与除"亚健康"外的其他等级以及"极差"与除"差"外的其他等级之间有显著差异.研究显示,构建的F-IBI适用于滦河流域生态系统健康评价.      

设施叶菜类蔬菜重金属镉、铅和砷累积特征及健康风险评价

近年来京津冀地区春季扬沙、秋冬季节雾或霾频发,大气可吸入颗粒物尤其是PM2.5可负载镉铅砷等重金属,易被叶菜类蔬菜(叶菜)吸收并在可食部位累积,设施叶菜类蔬菜可食部位重金属的累积是否同样受大气沉降的影响.对此,以京津冀地区常见6种叶菜类蔬菜——菠菜、油麦菜、生菜、小白菜、茼蒿和茴香为主要对象,采用田间试验,探索了大棚叶...     

嘉兴市水污染源解析及等标污染负荷评价

研究水环境污染的主要来源及主要污染物,对于区域水污染治理具有重要意义。本文通过分析嘉兴市各类污染物入河量,以及污染物等标排放量的计算,得出了嘉兴市水环境污染的主要污染物和主要污染源。结果表明,嘉兴市面源污染物的入河量大于点源,畜禽养殖是面源污染的主要来源,也是总磷的主要来源。点污染的主要来源是城镇生活,其中,桐乡市污染物入河量最大,各区县的污染物入河量总体服从桐乡市﹥南湖区﹥嘉善县﹥平湖市﹥海宁市﹥秀洲区﹥海盐县的分布。等标污染负荷的方法显示：嘉兴市的主要污染源是畜禽养殖、城镇生活和农田;总氮、氨氮和总磷为主要污染物。     

Soil erosion and non-point source pollution impacts assessment with the aid of multi-temporal remote sensing images

Soil erosion associated with non-point source pollution is viewed as a process of land degradation in many terrestrial environments. Careful monitoring and assessment of land use variations with different temporal and spatial scales would reveal a fluctuating interface, punctuated by changes in rainfall and runoff, movement of people, perturbation from environmental disasters, and shifts in agricultural activities and cropping patterns. The use of multi-temporal remote sensing images in support of environmental modeling analysis in a geographic information system (GIS) environment leading to identification of a variety of long-term interactions between land, resources, and the built environment has been a highly promising approach in recent years. This paper started with a series of supervised land use classifications, using SPOT satellite imagery as a means, in the Kao-Ping River Basin, South Taiwan. Then, it was designed to differentiate the variations of eight land use patterns in the past decade, including orchard, farmland, sugarcane field, forest, grassland, barren, community, and water body. Final accuracy was confirmed based on interpretation of available aerial photographs and global positioning system (GPS) measurements. Finally, a numerical simulation model (General Watershed Loading Function, GWLF) was used to relate soil erosion to non-point source pollution impacts in the coupled land and river water systems. Research findings indicate that while the decadal increase in orchards poses a significant threat to water quality, the continual decrease in forested land exhibits a potential impact on water quality management. Non-point source pollution, contributing to part of the downstream water quality deterioration of the Kao-Ping River system in the last decade, has resulted in an irreversible impact on land integrity from a long-term perspective.     

Identification of river water quality using the fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach.

Proper identification of water quality conditions in a river system based on limited observations is an essential task for meeting the goals of environmental management. Various classification methods have been used for estimating the changing status and usability of surface water in river basins. However, a discrepancy frequently arises from the lack of a clear distinction between each water utilisation mode, the uncertainty in the quality criteria employed and the vagueness or fuzziness embedded in the decision-making output values. Owing to inherent imprecision, difficulties always exist in some conventional methodologies when describing integrated water quality conditions with respect to various chemical constituents, biological aspects, nutrients, and aesthetic qualities. This paper presents a comparative study using three fuzzy synthetic evaluation techniques to assess water quality conditions in comparison to the outputs generated by conventional procedures such as the Water Quality Index (WQI). Based on a set of data collected at seven sampling stations, a case study for the Tseng-Wen River system in Taiwan was used to demonstrate their application potential. The findings clearly indicate that the techniques may successfully harmonise inherent discrepancies and interpret complex conditions. A further, newly developed fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach described in this paper might also be useful for verifying water quality conditions for the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program and be helpful for constructing an effective water quality management strategy.