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681.
Liu HC Hwu CS Hung JM Lai HY Chang HY Lu CJ 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2011,32(3):319-323
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography was employed to estimate bioavailability of pyrene in soils with different properties of textures, organic matter contents (SOM) and aging periods. Experimental results indicated that biodegradation rates increased from 0.10 (sandy loam) to 0.15 (silty loam) microg g-1 hr1. By contrast, biodegradation rate decreased from 0.10(1.3% SOM) to 0.04 (7.6% SOM) microg g-1hr1. The amounts of pyrene biodegraded decreased 27% when SOM was modified from 1.3 to 7.6%, indicating that distributions of pyrene in soils at biodegradation end points were affected by the SOM. Sequestration as measured by sonication extraction had evidently occurred in aged soil samples. SPME measurements slightly overestimated the amount of pyrene degraded by indigenous and seeded microorganisms, in soils with the different properties (correlation coefficient, R2= 0.74). The present study demonstrates that the SPME method can not replace biodegradation tests commonly used for predicting bioremediation efficacy. 相似文献
682.
Yang F Shen R Long Y Sun X Tang F Cai Q Yao S 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(2):440-445
Magnetic microsphere confined ionic liquid was synthesized by covalently bonding N-methylimidazolium on magnetic microspheres. The functionalized magnetic microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared material was used for the preconcentration of three chlorophenols (CPs) in water combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Several conditions that probably affected the extraction efficiency such as standing time, eluent and its volume, sample pH and volume, were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, good recoveries (70.3-88.8%) were achieved with satisfactory relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 6.0%. The limits of detection for the three CPs were 0.20-0.35 μg L(-1). The results indicated that the ionic liquid-functionalized magnetic microspheres show significant promise for the analysis of CPs in environmental samples. 相似文献
683.
Prediction of total bed material load for rivers in Malaysia: A case study of Langat,Muda and Kurau Rivers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aminuddin Ab. Ghani H. Md. Azamathulla Chun Kiat Chang Nor Azazi Zakaria Zorkeflee Abu Hasan 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2011,11(3):307-318
A soft computational technique is applied to predict sediment loads in three Malaysian rivers. The feed forward-back propagated
(schemes) artificial neural network (ANNs) architecture is employed without any restriction to an extensive database compiled
from measurements in Langat, Muda, Kurau different rivers. The ANN method demonstrated a superior performance compared to
other traditional sediment-load methods. The coefficient of determination, 0.958 and the mean square error 0.0698 of the ANN
method are higher than those of the traditional method. The performance of the ANN method demonstrates its predictive capability
and the possibility of generalization of the modeling to nonlinear problems for river engineering applications. 相似文献
684.
缙云山4种森林植被土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
以重庆市缙云山的竹林、阔叶林、针叶林和针阔叶混交林这4种亚热带森林植被为研究对象,分析不同林分下土壤团聚体及团聚体有机碳在0~20、20~40、40~60和60~100 cm土壤剖面上的分布规律.结果表明,阔叶林土壤 2 mm粒级团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)及 0. 25 mm团聚体含量(R0. 25)均随土层深度的增加而降低,而其他林分在整个土层中则无明显规律.在各土层中,竹林以 2 mm粒级团聚体为主(30. 73%~53. 08%);阔叶林和混交林的2~0. 25 mm粒级团聚体含量较高,为36. 27%~44. 67%和48. 69%~52. 44%;针叶林的优势粒径为2~0. 25 mm和0. 053 mm.总体上,在各土层中,竹林团聚体的MWD、GMD、R0. 25值均高于其他林分,且其分形维数(D)低于其他林分,可见竹林的土壤团聚体稳定性较好.随着土层深度的增加,不同林分(除针叶林外)土壤团聚体有机碳含量逐渐降低,其中竹林团聚体有机碳含量最高,显著高于针叶林和混交林.就不同团聚体粒级而言,4种林分土壤团聚体有机碳在整个土壤剖面上无明显规律,但各土层均以2~0. 25 mm和0. 053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量较高.不同林分下土壤团聚体有机碳相对贡献率存在显著差异,其中针叶林中0. 053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率最高;竹林的 2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率高达27. 44%~53. 47%;而阔叶林和混交林则以2~0. 25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率最高.缙云山的4种林分中,竹林的土壤团聚体稳定性较好,而针叶林的较差;在各土层中,竹林土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳含量最高,针叶林最低. 相似文献
685.
Chun-Yu Chen Kuo-Chi Chang Gwo-Bin Wang 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(6):1198-1211
High-tech industries, such as those producing semiconductor and TFT-LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display), have recently become the most important economic activities in Taiwan. Each of these industries has a complete chain of supply from raw material production, production pre-processing, product manufacturing, to waste handling. Any company in the chain is a critical component, since any accidents of fire, explosion, gas leakage, or power outage would cut off the supply chain, causing inability of continuous operation. In industries of semiconductor and TFT-LCD, great amounts of special gases and chemicals with many machinery equipments are used in the production processes. In cases of accidents or improper installation, this chain of supply, from raw material production, preproduction, product manufacturing, to waste handling materials and equipments may cause severe damages or incidents.This study used the existing model of the horizontal furnace to develop a simulation program. The simulation results were consistent with the existing model, and produced even slightly better results on temperature distribution and temperature sensitivity. The simulation model applied on a vertical furnace could provide data on furnace temperature control for industrial use. Meanwhile, this study also deduced actual temperature control and an ISD strategy, which are consistent with design strategy principles.The validation results on the proposed temperature distribution model suggested that the model can be applied in temperature distribution and sensitivity analysis to obtain adjustment and control models for various heating zones. In the case of a single tool, when processing reduction is 60 pieces, switching off the two heating zones can reduce 44% of power output, for a capacity utilization rate of 93.7% for the entire plant. The application of the proposed temperature control model can reduce power consumption by 121.4 kWh. In addition, with the same number of tools, facilities layouts in two cases have an area difference of 41.4775 m2, thus shortening the evacuation time for operators. The experimental results proved that the proposed model has realized the ISD principles of intensification, attenuation, and limitation of effects. 相似文献
686.
Chun-Yu Chen Kuo-Chi Chang Chih-Cheng Lu Gwo-Bin Wang 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(1):225-235
In the low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) process, there are many factors that could affect the thin film thickness and homogeneity in the thin film deposition process. Besides temperature, the volume flow rate of the reactant gas, the Mole fraction, and pressure are all affecting factors. On the basis of the forecast mode result of the thermal model of wafer temperature distribution in the previously published article, this study used the optimal method to calculate the conversion rate of the surface of each wafer under simulated conditions of various furnace temperatures and Mole fractions, as well as silane flow rates and pressures, and finally calculated the thin film growth rate and homogeneity of the surface of each wafer.This study validated four types of process conditions, and found that the results were very close to the experimental values in the previous studies, when conditions such as temperature, Mole fraction of silane, flow rate and pressure in the process were changed. This study thus concluded that the proposed process film thickness mode could meet the requirement of the process capacity. This study found that adjusting the heating zone temperature to regulate the film thickness growth rate was able to control uniformity of the film thickness. These feasible adjustment measures could be very effective on the industry commercial processes.Furthermore, the film thickness mode established in this study was used to discuss the application level of the inherently safer design strategies. This study mode could be used to adjust the temperature, mole fraction (mf), flow rate (F) and pressure (P) in the process for a single machine. Under the condition of meeting the film thickness process recipes required by the process, the silane flow rate was lowered through the adjustment of the control system. The study took the silane supply system as the basis of the case study. Based on a daily required silane consumption of 64.4 L, the daily required amount was 1.5 cylinders in the case of using 40 L high-pressure cylinders. The total daily required amount would be three 40 L high-pressure cylinders, including one more reserve amount on top of the daily required amount, which could match the inherently safer design philosophy and the principles of intensification, attenuation and limitation of effects.In terms of the factory evaluation, among all of the 12-inch furnace machines in Taiwanese wafer factories, nine out of 47 sets use silane, and the total daily consumption reaches 579.6 L. The total required amount, including the reserve, is 27 cylinders for 40 L high-pressure cylinders. As for the setting of the gas cabinet, the required amount could be reduced, since the gas supply pipeline could be designed in a multiple circuit. The minimum reactant gas input amount could be obtained in combination with the proposed film thickness mode, and the safety could be improved greatly, in accordance with the inherently safer design philosophy and the principles of intensification, attenuation and limitation of effects. In addition to the process capacity, this study also took the elevation of the inherently safer level into consideration, which could be provided to the industry for more comprehensive design consideration. 相似文献
687.
D P Chang R E Mournighan G L Huffman 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association》1991,41(7):947-955
The equilibrium composition of product gases from the combustion of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) has been studied for varying ratios of C, H, Cl, and O under stoichiometric to fuel-rich conditions. An interactive, PC-compatible FORTRAN program, STANJAN, was utilized in conjunction with thermochemical data sources to calculate equilibrium compositions of gas mixtures as a function of temperature. The predicted results, when judiciously interpreted, assist in the understanding of the potential for formation of residual organic substance emissions (ROSEs) in post-flame environments of an incinerator. Arguments are presented for the potential formation of chlorinated species, which are stable at ambient temperature, if locally fuel-rich mixtures penetrate into the lower temperature zones of an incinerator. ROSEs that have been observed in field tests of incinerators burning chlorinated compounds are predicted to form under the fuel-rich condition. Furthermore, when the equivalence ratio is greater than unity by even a slight amount, the degree of chlorination of product gases increases markedly when the Cl/H ratio also exceeds unity. In that case, time, temperature, turbulence and an overall fuel-lean stoichiometry may not be sufficient to guarantee elimination of measurable levels of chlorinated products. Possible implications of the equilibrium calculations are discussed. Further systematic studies with additional CHCs, nitrogen-, sulfur-, and heavy metal-bearing compounds are recommended as well as continued efforts to carry out kinetic studies. 相似文献
688.
介绍了湖南省水能资源的基本情况,重点讨论了水能开发对策,分流域阐述了省内湘、资、源、澧四水的水能开发问题。水能开发对策包括:水能开发应作为全省经济发展的重点之一,应以大中型水电站的建设为“龙头”,与地域经济发展相结合;着重抓好发电与送电相结合,水电与火电相结合,水电与水利相结合,水能开发与减灾相结合。 相似文献
689.
区际生态补偿机制是区域间协调发展的关键 总被引:41,自引:0,他引:41
环境问题和环境资源关系已成为重要的区际社会关系和社会矛盾,极大的影响和抑制区域协调发展,首先探讨区际环境问题和环境关系的成因、类型、数量动态、时空演变格局;独创性的剖析区际环境关系、区际环境问题难以解决的深刻根原。深入研究区际生态补偿作用和影响,指明缺乏补偿是江河上游与下游地区间矛盾产生的重要原因,也是环境问题难以解决的重要原因。指出区际生态补偿体系应由政策法律制订机构、补偿计算机构、补偿征收管理机构等组成;同时着重研究计算策略思路、计算方法、计算过程、计算结果表达等生态补偿计算有关问题;分析建立区际生态补偿机制在环境资源管理体制、绿色国民经济核算体系(转移支付制度)、环境影响数量技术、环境问题争端协调等面临的诸多困难。 相似文献
690.
沿海地区人地关系演化及优化分析 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
人地关系是人类社会同周围环境之间的相互关系,在不同时期,随着人类社会的发展表现特征不同。本文以沿海地区“人”与“地”之间矛盾的产生、发展以及追求协调的历史过程为线索,将人地关系的发展变化历程划分为混沌阶段、原始和谐阶段、矛盾发展阶段、矛盾激化调整四个阶段。影响人地关系的因素较多,自然因素主要是地形、气候、地理位置、自然资源等,人为因素主要包括人口的急剧增长以及人类各种不合理的破坏性活动。从人地关系演化的历史过程,可知人地关系的发展是一个动态的过程,针对沿海地区的实际情况,沿海地区应突出以下几个方面以优化人地关系:①利用中国加入世贸组织为契机,深化对外开放;②通过生态工作建设、产业结构调整、城市化等实现社会经济、资源与环境的协调发展;③大力发展海洋经济,以缓解陆上资源与环境的压力。 相似文献