全球近期灾害录（2008．6．10-8．10）

美国中西部4州遭龙卷风袭击6人死亡 2008年6月11日,美国中西部的艾奥瓦、堪萨斯、明尼苏达和内布拉斯加4个州遭受30多起龙卷风袭击,造成至少6人死亡,其中包括4名在野外露营的艾奥瓦州男童子军成员。     

两种填料生物膜工艺脱氮效果的比较研究

以两种不同填料所组成的生物膜反应器(1号和2号反应器)为研究对象,比较了两个生物膜反应器去除有机物、脱氮能力,分析了其影响因素。研究结果表明:在进水水质、停留时间等条件完全一致的情况下,2号反应器COD、氨氮的平均去除率比1号反应器分别高出了29.88%和19.68%,这是因为陶粒的比表面积较蜂窝陶瓷有绝对优势所致。但是2号反应器的总氮去除率比1号反应器要低7.11%,通过研究两个反应器中硝态氮浓度和生物相分析发现具有较大差距。填料作为生物膜工艺中的核心,其材料、结构等影响到生物膜的性质和反应器内水力学特性,是决定生物膜工艺处理效果的关键因素。     

开展持续清洁生产 确保环境和经济协调发展

辽阳石化分公司现有的装置排放的污染物种类多、浓度高,易对环境造成污染,因而推行清洁生产策略将为企业带来较好的效益。在2002年,该公司对污油装置、二氧化碳装置和双环装置实施了清洁生产方案。同时还通过完善各项规章制度,解决了开展清洁生产的资金和技术问题,分析了污染物产生的原因,制定了切实可行的改革方案。实施新方案后年创效益360万元以上。同时,装置的外排污水量同比减少了40.6%,污水处理费同比降低了48.5%,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

潜流构造湿地去除农田排水中氮的研究

对潜流构造湿地处理农业面源污水的脱氮效果进行了中试研究.研究证明潜流湿地氮去除效率和水力停留时间呈正相关关系,芦苇床的脱氮效果明显好于茭草床和空白床,名义水力停留时间大于5d时,芦苇、茭草潜流湿地脱氮效率可以达到60%以上.氮的去除满足一级推流反应动力学关系,空白床、芦苇床和茭草床的一级反应动力学常数K分别为0.14、0.26和0.20d^-.微生物的反硝化是人工湿地脱氮的主要途径,植物吸收总氮量仅占入水量的15%左右.     

放射性核素在饱和浙江红粘土中的迁移

用分层土柱法研究放射性核素在浙江红粘土介质中的迁移规律.通过为期28d的饱和土柱动态吸附-解吸实验,测定了¹³⁷Cs、⁸⁵Sr、⁶⁰Co、¹⁴⁴Ce、¹⁵⁵Eu和²³⁷Np 6种放射性核素在浙江红粘土样品中的垂直剖面浓度分布及其迁移速度.为便于根据实际场址的入渗水通量确定这些核素的滞留因子,进行了氚弥散实验,测定了土壤有效孔隙率和土壤中水运移速度.根据土柱装填密度、有效孔隙率和土壤中水运移速度,计算出上述核素在红粘土中的吸附分配系数和滞留因子.结果表明:浙江红粘土对¹³⁷Cs、⁸⁵Sr、⁶⁰Co、¹⁴⁴Ce、¹⁵⁵Eu和²³⁷Np 6种核素均有较大的吸附分配系数和滞留因子;对¹³⁷Cs的吸附分配系数和滞留因子分别为2388ml·g^-1和7732,对⁸⁵Sr的吸附分配系数和滞留因子分别为1432ml·g^-1和4645.     

城市居住区地下车库噪声影响的计算机模拟预测

运用随机点声源模型对城市居住区地下车库出入口噪声进行计算机模拟预测,通过实测值和预测值的比较,该预测模型精度较好.运用该模型预测规划与新建的居住区地下车库的噪声影响,可为城市小区建设规划中有效控制噪声污染提供科学参考依据.     

The selective catalytic reduction of NO over Ce0.3TiOx-supported metal oxide catalysts

A Ce_(0.3)TiO_xoxide carrier was synthesized via a sol–gel process,and Ce_(0.3)TiO_xsupported metal(M=Cd,Mn,Fe,W,Mo)oxide catalysts were prepared by the method of incipient-wetness impregnation.The catalysts were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD),Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET)analysis,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Fourier transform infrared(FT–IR)spectroscopy,UV–Visdiffusereflectancespectroscopy(UV–VisDRS),and Temperature-programmed reduction with H_2(H_2-TPR).The catalytic activities for de-NO_(x )were evaluated by the NH_3-SCR reaction.Among all the catalysts tested,the 2 wt.%Cd/Ce_(0.3)TiO_xcatalyst exhibited the best NH_3-SCR performance,with a wide temperature window of 250–450°C for NO conversion above 90%.Moreover,the catalyst showed N_2 selectivity greater than 99%from 200 to 450°C.     

钙对紫外辐射B胁迫下小麦幼苗若干生物学特性的影响

采用模拟紫外辐射(UV-B,280～320nm)的盆栽实验法,研究钙离子对紫外B辐射胁迫下小麦幼苗若干生物学特性的影响.结果显示,在紫外辐射胁迫下(0.35W/m²,每日照射6h,连续照射7d),2mmol/L钙离子处理的小麦,地下与地上部生长指标均明显低于对照植株(降幅为8.1%～36.1%).而6mmol/L钙离子处理的小麦幼苗,各种生长指标的降幅(3.2%～28.6%)低于2mmol/L钙离子处理的小麦幼苗.表明钙离子具有缓解紫外辐射伤害小麦幼苗的效应,这同钙离子对小麦幼苗部分生理生化指标的影响有关.     

良好质量控制下环境监测方法的选用

经济不断发展,社会对环境保护的要求日趋加强,为保证环境安全,为环保监察执法出具准确、科学、公正的监测数据变得日益重要。本文对选用合适的监测方法进行监测进行初步的探讨。确定了监测范围,在良好的环境质量控制下选择合适的方法,确保监测程序稳定可靠,更好的为环境管理服务。     

Environmental pollution by persistent toxic substances and health risk in an industrial area of China

Soil is an important environmental medium that is closely associated with humans and their health. Despite this, very few studies have measured toxicants in soils, and associated them with health risks in humans. An assessment of health effects from exposure to contaminants in soils surrounding industrial areas of chemical production and storage is important. This article aims at determining pollution characteristics of persistent toxic substances (PTS) in an industrial area in China to unravel the relationship between soil pollution by PTS and human health. One hundred and five soil samples were collected and 742 questionnaires were handed out to residents living in and around an industrial area around Bohai Bay, Tianjin in Northern China. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in soil. Mann-Whitney U and binary multivariate nonconditional logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationship between health indicators of local residents and contaminant levels. Odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for health incidences were also calculated. The average concentrations of DDT (73.9 ng/g), HCH (654 ng/g) and PAHs (1225 ng/g) were relatively high in the industrial area. Residents living in the chemical industry parks were exposed to a higher levels of PTS than those living outside the chemical industry parks. This exposure was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.12–30.06), stomach cancer (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.26– 13.41), dermatitis (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.05–2.80), gastroenteritis (OR 1.59, 95% CI 0.94–2.68), and pneumonia (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.58–1.89).