Air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–2016

With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014–2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O_3,decreased. Spatially, the PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO_2 and O_3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days(i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM_(2.5) was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O_3, PM_(10), and NO_2.However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O_3 pollution worsened.Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM_(2.5) concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O_3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity.The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions.During 2014–2016, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_x, CO, NH_3, and volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.     

论人口——经济系统的综合研究

研究人口——经济系统,首先从人口系统着手,并分别对各子系统进行分析和综合。对人口系统的研究着重于控制数量、强调人口素质,尤其是要求人口文化素质对科学技术转化生产力能够起到保证作用,其最终目的是促进社会经济的发展。     

Modelling future soil chemistry at a highly polluted forest site at Istebna in Southern Poland using the "SAFE" model

The multi-layer dynamic model SAFE was applied to the forested catchment Istebna (Southern Poland), to study recovery from acidification. Environmental pollution in the area has been historically high. The model uses data from an intensive monitoring plot established in 1999 in a spruce stand, which was planted in 1880. Observations showed that the soil was depleted of base cations. The measured base saturation in 1999 was between 5 and 8% in the different soil layers. Model predictions assuming full implementation of the UNECE 1999 Gothenburg Protocol and present day base cation deposition show that the base saturation will slowly increase to 20% by 2100. Despite large emission reductions, Istebna still suffers from the very high loads of acidifying input during the past decades. Soil recovery depends on future emissions especially on base cation deposition. The recovery will be even slower if the base cation deposition decreases further.     

Ammonium removal from waste solutions by precipitation of MgNH4PO4 I. Ammonium removal with use of commercial reagents

The method of ammonium ion removal from industrial waste solutions was investigated and parameters for MgNH₄PO₄ precipitation were determined. A solution laden with NH₄⁺ ions was brought to pH 1–2 by the use of H₃PO₄; MgO was then added and the pH adjusted to 9–10 with the use of NaOH solution. Stirring of the suspension was carried out during a prolonged period of time ( 3 hours), with final filtration or sedimentation. By this method the ammonium ion content in the filtrate may be reduced to concentrations below 1 mg/l. The MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O sediment produced is considered to be a long-term fertilizer, suitable for agricultural use.     

芳烃联合装置地下管线测漏处理过程的风险分析

运用预先危险性分析法(PHA),对芳烃联合装置地下管线测漏处理过程中存在的风险进行了分析,确定了应采取的安全措施,取得了明显效果.     

中国自然灾害和减灾的对策

2006年5月9日防灾科技学院揭牌暨建校30周年庆典之际,马宗晋院士应邀为我校师生作了题为“中国自然灾害和减灾的对策”的学术报告,受到全校师生的热烈欢迎和一致好评。马宗晋院士是我国著名的地质学家,曾担任中国地震局地质研究所所长（现为中国地震局地质研究所名誉所长）,长期从事地质构造、地震预报、地球动力学方面的研究工作,完成了多项国家级重大研究课题。1972年,他率领地震小组,首创渐进式预报模式,提出长中短临渐近蕴震模式,成为中国预报强震的主要思想和工作程序,该模式的预报思想一直影响至今。其间,对海城、松潘等大地震的预测,乃至对唐山大地震的中期估计和短期预报分析都有重要影响,该模式在国际上被誉为“中国式地震预报”;他还提出了地球动力学的模式构想,建立了三个全球的构造系统,论证了地球变动的韵律性和非对称性,从而提出以壳、幔、核细分层角差运动为基础的地球自转与热、重、流联合的动力模式构想,对全球构造动力模式进行了新的分析与综合,为灾害和矿产研究提供了部分基础;提出了综合减灾系统工程设计。马宗晋院士1995年兼任国务院三部委中国重大自然灾害综合研究组组长;2005年任国家减灾委专家委员会主任。 马宗晋院士的报告以大量的研究数据系统地论述了中国的自然灾害和减灾的对策。我国是一个灾害频发、灾种繁多、灾情严重、经济损失巨大的国家,很好的学习和掌握马宗晋院士报告的观点和精神,对于推进我国的防灾减灾事业和从事防灾减灾教育事业均具有十分重要的意义。 我学报编辑部在认真学习和整理马宗晋院士报告的基础上,决定在学报的“院士专家论谈”专题栏目,陆续刊载以“中国自然灾害和减灾的对策”为题的系列文章,并经马院士同意和审核,马智同志编辑整理。我们认为,这对于全国各地从事防灾减灾事业的部门和工作人员,是十分有帮助的。希望各地从事防灾减灾事业和其他工作的读者能够关注这个栏目。[编者按]     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aerosol in Beijing, China, measured by aminopropylsilane chemically-bonded stationary-phase column chromatography and HPLC/fluorescence detection

We developed a useful analytical method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentrations in the aerosol of China. We used an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method for the extraction of PAHs from the aerosol samples, in order to reduce the extraction time and the solvent volume used. The optimum purification method was developed, with aminopropylsilane chemically-bonded stationary-phase column chromatography, in order to remove many co-extractives which cannot be removed by conventional purification methods using silica-gel column chromatography. HPLC/fluorescence detection (FLD) was adopted as the analytical method, because it has very high sensitivity to PAH and it is easy to install, operate, and maintain as compared with GC/MS. With the analytical method developed in this study, the recovery and precision (RSD) for most of the PAHs ranged from 75% to 129% and from 2.8% to 22.7%, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs in the aerosol samples collected from October 2003 to April 2005 in Beijing, China were determined using the newly developed method. SigmaPAHs, which is the sum of the concentrations of all detected PAHs, was 177.8 +/- 239.9 ng m(-3) (n = 64). The SigmaPAHs concentration in the heating season (305.1 +/- 279.0 ng m(-3), n = 33) was 7.2 times higher than that in the non-heating season (42.3 +/- 32.0 ng m(-3), n = 31). These strong seasonal variations in atmospheric PAH concentration are possibly due to coal combustion for residential heating in winter.     

Methods for the preparation of a biodesulfurization biocatalyst using Rhodococcus sp

Several methods to prepare a biodesulfurization (BDS) biocatalyst were investigated in this study using a strain of Rhodococcus sp. 1awq. This bacterium could selectively remove sulfur from dibenzothiophene (DBT) via the "4S" pathway. DBT, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), sodium sulphate and mixed sulfur sources were used to study their influence on cell density, desulfurization activity, desulfurization ability, and the cost of biocatalyst production. In contrast to that observed from bacteria cultured in DBT, only partial desulfurization activity of strain 1awq was induced by DBT after cultivation in a medium containing inorganic sulfur as the sole sulfur source. The biocatalyst, prepared from culture with mixed sulfur sources, was found to possess desulfurization activity. With DMSO as the sole sulfur source, the desulfurization activity was shown to be similar to that of bacteria incubated in medium with DBT as the sole sulfur source. The biocatalyst prepared by this method with the least cost could remove sulfur from hydrodesulfurization (HDS)-treated diesel oil efficiently, providing a total desulfurization percent of 78% and suggesting its cost-effective advantage.