Uptake of isoprene, methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate into aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide

Multiphase acid-catalyzed oxidation by hydrogen peroxide has been suggested to be a potential route to secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene and its gas-phase oxidation products, but the lack of kinetics data significantly limited the evaluation of this process in the atmosphere. Here we report the first measurement of the uptake of isoprene, methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate into aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Isoprene cannot readily partition into the solution because of its high volatility and low solubility, which hinders its further liquid-phase oxidation. Both methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate can enter the solutions and be oxidized by hydrogen peroxide, and steady-state uptake was observed with the acidity of solution above 30 wt.% and 70 wt.%, respectively. The steady-state uptake coefficient of methacrylic acid is much larger than that of methyl methacrylate for a solution with same acidity. These observations can be explained by the different reactivity of these two compounds caused by the different electron-withdrawing conjugation between carboxyl and ester groups. The atmospheric lifetimes were estimated based on the calculated steady-state uptake coefficients. These results demonstrate that the multiphase acid-catalyzed oxidation of methacrylic acid plays a role in secondary organic aerosol formation, but for isoprene and methyl methacrylate, this process is not important in the troposphere.     

An enormous Jurassic turtle bone bed from the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China

A spectacular new terrestrial Konzentratlagerst?tte is introduced from the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China that probably belongs to the late Middle Jurassic Qigu Formation. It contains a mass accumulation of “xinjiangchelyid” turtles preliminarily identified as Annemys sp. In the zone with the highest turtle concentration, complete and articulated turtle skeletons are tightly packed at a density of up to 36 turtles per square meter. The fossiliferous layer is thickened here and shows an erosional base. This high concentration zone outcrops approximately 10?m in length and shows no decrease in turtle density after exposing 2?m of the layer into the hillside. Adjacent is a more expansive zone of at least 10?m by 30?m. In this region, the fossiliferous layer is evenly thick, and approximately five, fully disarticulated turtles are present per square meter. A conservatively estimated 1,800 turtles may, therefore, have been deposited at this site. It is likely that these aquatic turtles gathered in a retreating water hole in a riverine environment during a drought, much as some aquatic turtles will do today, but perished when the habitat dried up completely. A following catastrophic rainfall event caused a debris flow, possibly channelized in a dry river bed, which transported complete turtles, disarticulated turtles, and mudstone clasts and deposited them after a short distance. This taphonomic model is consistent with previous environmental reconstructions of the Turpan Basin during the late Middle Jurassic in predicting the episodic breakdown of regional monsoonal circulation resulting in a seasonally dry climate with severe episodic droughts.     

生物活性炭纤维处理小区生活污水的试验研究

为了实现小区生活污水再利用,进行以聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维(PAN-ACF)为载体的生物膜法处理小区生活污水的实验研究,以生活污水中COD、NH3-N、SS、浊度、pH等为检测指标来研究反应器的处理效果,实验结果表明该反应器对生活污水中COD、NH3-N、SS、浊度有非常高的去除效率,而且抗冲击负荷能力较强,以上指标出水均符合"城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质标准"(GB/T18920-2002)中城市绿化规定的水质标准。此外,实验表明聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维(PAN-ACF)作为生物膜载体具有很好的生物亲和性。     

考虑车辆限速区间和风险公平性的危险品运输网络优化

针对有路段风险约束的危险品运输网络优化问题,讨论了不同路段上车辆限速区间的变化对危险品运输风险和成本的影响.基于最小最大准则构建了双层规划模型:上层规划表示政府部门通过对不同路段设置不同的限速区间来最小化最大运输网络总风险和路段最大风险的上界值,并通过增加路段最大风险的上界约束来实现风险分布的公平性;下层规划表示危险品运输商选择鲁棒成本最小的路径.为求解模型,设计了粒子群优化算法.根据算例分析发现,政府管理部门通过实施车辆限速区间策略,在考虑风险公平性的同时,可以有效地控制危险品运输网络的最大总风险.     

基于事故分析的公路限高门架警告标志优化设置*

为优化设置公路限高门架警告标志,利用Kruskal-Wallis检验与二元logistic回归分析,从工效学及人因工程学角度剖析事故原因,基于大型车辆驾驶员视认特征与道路交通环境特点,提出警告标志前置设置最低要求,构建考虑大型车辆驾驶员视认角度标志前置距离模型,并提出预防措施。结果表明:限高门架高度警示标志设置不规范,导致停车安全距离不足,标志视认能力下降;根据模型得出公路限高门架警告标志前置参考距离,验证模型有效性,并有针对性提出限高门架警示标志优化设置意见。研究结果可为公路限高门架警告标志设置提供参考和借鉴。     

Impact of maximum sustainable yield on independent populations

We investigate a community of independent logistically growing populations under a common harvesting effort which leads to the total maximum sustainable yield (TMSY). It is surprising that in the case of two populations with approximately equal carrying capacities, TMSY is reached while both populations persist, although their biotic potential may differ substantially. In general, however, TMSY with a common harvesting effort implies suboptimal fishing of some populations, overfishing of others and extinction of the rest of the populations. Since extinction of populations is a rule rather than an exception and since a community of independent populations is more robust than an ecosystem with multiple trophic levels, we call for urgent retraction of all legal documents advocating MSY in ecosystems.     

Study of Ni adsorption on NKF-6 zeolite

The adsorption of ⁶³Ni from aqueous solutions using NKF-6 zeolite was investigated by a batch technique under ambient conditions. The adsorption was investigated as a function of contact time, pH, ionic strength, foreign ions, humic substances (FA/HA) and temperature. The kinetic adsorption was well described by the pseudo-second-order rate equation. The adsorption of ⁶³Ni on NKF-6 zeolite was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength, and the adsorption of ⁶³Ni increased with increasing NKF-6 zeolite content. At low pH values, the presence of FA enhanced the adsorption of ⁶³Ni on NKF-6 zeolite, but the presence of HA had no drastic effect. At high pH values, the presence of FA or HA decreased the adsorption of ⁶³Ni on NKF-6 zeolite. The adsorption isotherms were well represented by the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic parameters (i.e., ΔH⁰, ΔS⁰and ΔG⁰) for the adsorption of ⁶³Ni were determined from the temperature dependent isotherms at 293.15, 313.15 and 333.15 °K, respectively, and the results indicate that the adsorption reaction was favored at high temperature. The results suggest that the adsorption process of ⁶³Ni on NKF-6 zeolite is spontaneous and endothermic.     

不同C/P下AOA-SBR工艺磷形态转化规律及污泥特性

采用5组厌氧/好氧/缺氧(AOA)模式运行的SBR反应器, 考察不同C/P(120, 40, 24, 17, 13)下AOA-SBR系统磷形态转化规律及污泥特性.结果表明, 5组反应器的COD、TN、NH₄⁺-N去除效果均优于一级A标准.随着C/P的降低, 系统TP去除量逐渐提高.C/P小于24时, TP的去除效果开始变差且波动剧烈, 在C/P为40时系统TP去除效果最稳定, 平均去除率为99.22%.磷形态结果表明, 随着C/P的降低, 污泥中各项磷形态含量均有所升高.IP是TP最主要的磷形态, 不同C/P下IP占TP的含量相近(约96%).随着C/P的降低, NAIP、AP占污泥TP的含量与IP都呈先上升后下降的趋势, 而OP占污泥TP的含量保持下降趋势.生物有效磷(NAIP与OP之和)对污水除磷效果影响最大, C/P为40的系统中污泥中生物有效磷占比最高, 污水TP去除效果最好.污泥MLSS与SVI值随着C/P的降低而增大, C/P较低的系统有发生污泥膨胀的风险.高通量测序表明, 随着C/P的降低, 除Dechloromonas外, PAOs与DPB含量均有所下降, 污水TP去除效果较差且波动较大.     

炼化废水中COD与BOD_5相关性的探讨

为了及时掌握炼化废水的BOD5值，因此对COD与BOD5之间的相关性进行了探讨试验；COD与BOD5的测定采用国家标准方法，连续20d，用最小二乘法计算COD与BOD5的相关关系式；通过相关式由COD值可求出当天相应的BOD5值，为及时调整污水处理设施提供依据。     

河北省人为土地灾害及减灾对策

针对河北省人为土地灾害较重的特点，概述了灾害的类型、分布及其危害，分析了致灾原因，提出减轻灾害、谋求可持续发展的对策。