Chemical composition of the mycelium of Daldinia eschscholtzii北大核心CSCD

To investigate the chemical composition of the fungus Daldinia eschscholtzii, the compounds were separated by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and preparative chromatography. Their structures were identified by spectral methods. The MTT method was applied to measure the cytotoxicity of representative components. Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as 3β-hydroxyl-6,22-dien-5α,8α-peroxynitrite (1); ergosterol-9(11)-dehydroperoxide (2); mangiferonic acid (3); ergosta-4,6,8 (14),22-tetraen-3-one (4); (+)-syringaresinol (5); 3,5,3',5'-tetramethoxy-4,4,-diphenol (6); 5-methoxycoumarin (7); 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one (8); (2R,4R)-3,4-dihydro-5-methoxy-2-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-4-ol (9); 2,3-dihydro-5-methoxy-2-methylchromen-4-one (10); and 7β-caruilignan C (11), respectively. Compound 4 showed inhibitory activity against H1299, H460, HGC-27, A5491, and MNK-45, with the IC50 value of 25.2 ± 2.9, 32.3 ± 4.2, 29.2 ± 1.2, 33.9 ± 3.7, and 18.0 ± 7.0 μmol/L, respectively. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

新疆地下水中农药污染水平调查

报道了新疆产棉区的莎车、英吉沙两县20个采样点的地下水受有机磷、有机氯和菊酯类农药污染的调查结果。结果表明：分别有55％（11）、30％（6）、25％（5）、15％（3）和5％（1）的水样受到了敌敌畏、敌百虫、功夫菊酯、六六六和甲拌磷的污染。其中4份水样中的敌敌畏（3）敌百虫（1）含量超过了《城市给水工程规范》（GB50282－1998）规定的生活饮用水水质指标限值（＜0．1μg／L）。     

我国干旱地区甘草草地资源的利用与保护

全世界有甘草13种,我国有8种,沙漠地区常见有5种。我国沙漠地区的甘草种类为甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)、胀果甘草(Glycyrrhiza inflata)等5种,它们构成各种甘草草地,分布在多种多样的生态环境中,以甘草草地分布最广。 甘草草地可供放牧、割草、采药、农垦、营林等多目标利用,目前它已被广泛进行利用。其中以放牧和采药利用最为广泛。 甘草草地的利用存在着严重的问题,例如:滥挖甘草已使大面积的甘草草地遭到了严重破坏,不适当的农垦已使不少甘草草地成了荒滩和沙化土地,生境旱化已使一些甘草草地明显退化,土壤盐渍化已使得一些甘草草地发育不良以至已被盐生植被所演替。 要使甘草草地这一多目标利用的自然资源能得到水续利用,必须重视土壤和环境的保护,防止土壤风蚀和水蚀,防治土壤盐渍化,预防生态环境旱化,大力种草种树等。     

实验室信息管理系统(LIMS)应用研究

以昆山为例,实验室信息管理系统(LIMS)应用于环境监测实验室,是针对环境监测的流程化设计,应用移动互联网技术、物联网技术、大数据等技术,将环境监测实验室的人员、环境、流程、质量控制、仪器设备、标物标液、化学试剂、标准方法、分析报告、数据查询分析、图书资料、文件记录、移动监测、电子签章、数据采集等要素有机结合起来,形成一个科学、全面、开放、规范的综合管理体系,大幅提升环境管理业务水平和工作效率。     

淮安地震台监测环境的保护

地震监测环境保护问题,一直是影响台站观测质量的重要因素。本文联系江苏省淮安地震台保护地震监测环境的实践,论述了有关法律、法规为地震监测环境保护提供了强有力保障的意义;地震台站积极宣传地震监测环境保护的重要性;以及依靠当地政府及其管理部门共同做好地震监测环境保护工作的必要性。同时,针对保护地震监测环境中遇到的问题,提出了几点建议。     

浮动床膜生物反应器去除焦化废水中间甲酚研究

焦化废水属有毒有害、难降解的高浓度有机废水,其中间甲酚等酚类污染物含量较高且用常用水处理方法去除比较困难。因此,研究了将浮动床生物膜反应器与膜生物反应器进行复合去除焦化废水中间甲酚的影响因素,并与普通MBR反应器在相同间甲酚浓度梯度下的处理功效进行比较。结果表明,在相同间甲酚浓度下,生物浮动床膜生物反应器的处理效果优于普通MBR反应器,其毒阈值为1200 mg/L,普通MBR反应器为1000 mg/L。同时,利用扫描电镜对浮动床膜生物反应器填料上微生物进行观察,考察了间甲酚浓度升高对填料上微生物的影响及附着态微生物形态的变化,得出大型微生物随着间甲酚浓度的提高最后破裂死亡;杆菌种类及数量减少,最后转变成丝状菌;球菌的菌胶团解体,形状变成短杆状。     

水肥管理对热带地区双季稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

水稻土被广泛认为是甲烷（CH₄）和氧化亚氮（N₂O）主要排放源,深入研究不同水肥管理条件下热带地区双季稻田CH₄和N₂O的排放特征,对补充我国双季稻田温室气体排放研究的不足意义重大.本研究设置8个处理：常规灌溉-施磷钾肥（D-PK）、常规灌溉-施氮磷钾肥（D-NPK）、常规灌溉-施氮磷钾+有机肥（D-NPK+M）、常规灌溉-施有机肥（D-M）、长期淹水-施磷钾肥（F-PK）、长期淹水-施氮磷钾肥（F-NPK）、长期淹水-施氮磷钾+有机肥（F-NPK+M）和长期淹水-施有机肥（F-M）.采用密闭静态箱-气相色谱法测定双季稻田CH₄和N₂O排放量,测定水稻产量和估算全球增温潜势（GWP）及温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明：①早稻季和晚稻季CH₄累积排放量分别为10.3~78.9 kg·hm^-2和84.6~185.5 kg·hm^-2.与F-PK和F-NPK处理相比,早稻季F-NPK+M和F-M处理显著增加CH₄累积排放量.同一施肥条件下,长期淹水处理CH₄累积排放量高于常规灌溉处理.灌溉和施肥极显著影响早稻季CH₄累积排放量.②早稻季和晚稻季N₂O累积排放量分别为0.18~0.76 kg·hm^-2和0.15~0.58 kg·hm^-2.与F-PK处理相比,早稻季F-NPK处理N₂O累积排放量显著增加;与D-PK相比,D-NPK、D-NPK+M和D-M处理显著增加N₂O累积排放量.与F-PK相比,晚稻季长期淹水其它处理N₂O累积排放量显著增加;与D-PK处理相比,D-NPK和D-M处理N₂O累积排放量显著增加.施肥极显著影响早稻季N₂O排放;灌溉和施肥极显著影响晚稻季N₂O排放.③早稻和晚稻产量分别为7310.7~9402.4 kg·hm^-2和3902.8~7354.6 kg·hm^-2,且F-NPK和F-M处理下早稻产量显著高于F-PK和D-NPK、D-PK和D-NPK处理.与PK处理相比,同一灌溉条件下其余3种施肥处理均显著增加晚稻产量.早稻季GWP和GHGI分别为580.8~2818.5kg·hm^-2和0.08~0.30 kg·kg^-1.与F-PK处理相比,常规灌溉条件下早稻季各施肥处理间GWP无显著性差异;但长期淹水条件下F-NPK+M和F-M处理GWP均显著增加.早稻季F-NPK+M和F-M处理GHGI显著高于其它处理.晚稻季GWP和GHGI分别为3091.6~6334.2 kg·hm^-2和0.50~1.23 kg·kg^-1.灌溉显著影响早稻和晚稻季GWP和GHGI,施肥对晚稻季GWP和GHGI的影响不显著.④土壤NH₄⁺-N含量和5 cm土温均与CH₄排放呈极显著负相关,pH与CH₄排放呈极显著正相关,但与N₂O排放呈显著负相关.土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量与N₂O排放呈极显著负相关.综合作物产量、GWP和GHGI考虑,D-NPK+M可推荐为当地最优的减排稳产的水肥管理模式.     

Design and demonstration of a next-generation air quality attainment assessment system for PM2.5 and O3

Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition(SMAT-CE) is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O3 and PM2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS) shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM2.5and 8-hour O3 for a proposed emission control policy.     

Emergy Assessment of a Wheat-Maize Rotation System with Different Water Assignments in the North China Plain

Sustainable water use is seriously compromised in the North China Plain (NCP) due to the huge water requirements of agriculture, the largest use of water resources. An integrated approach which combines the ecosystem model with emergy analysis is presented to determine the optimum quantity of irrigation for sustainable development in irrigated cropping systems. Since the traditional emergy method pays little attention to the dynamic interaction among components of the ecological system and dynamic emergy accounting is in its infancy, it is hard to evaluate the cropping system in hypothetical situations or in response to specific changes. In order to solve this problem, an ecosystem model (Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model) is introduced for emergy analysis to describe the production processes. Some raw data, collected by investigating or observing in conventional emergy analysis, may be calculated by the VIP model in the new approach. To demonstrate the advantage of this new approach, we use it to assess the wheat-maize rotation cropping system at different irrigation levels and derive the optimum quantity of irrigation according to the index of ecosystem sustainable development in NCP. The results show, the optimum quantity of irrigation in this region should be 240–330 mm per year in the wheat system and no irrigation in the maize system, because with this quantity of irrigation the rotation crop system reveals: best efficiency in energy transformation (transformity = 6.05E + 4 sej/J); highest sustainability (renewability = 25%); lowest environmental impact (environmental loading ratio = 3.5) and the greatest sustainability index (Emergy Sustainability Index = 0.47) compared with the system in other irrigation amounts. This study demonstrates that application of the new approach is broader than the conventional emergy analysis and the new approach is helpful in optimizing resources allocation, resource-savings and maintaining agricultural sustainability.