城市生活垃圾中纤维素含量测定方法优化

对传统硫酸法进行改进,建立适用于城市生活垃圾纤维素含量的测定方法。以脂肪抽提时间、硫酸浓度、水解反应温度、水解反应时间、稀释硫酸浓度、回流时间为考察因素进行6因素5水平正交实验。结果表明,测定纤维素含量的最佳条件为：脂肪抽提时间4h、硫酸浓度70％、水解反应温度30℃、水解反应时间5h、稀释硫酸浓度5％、回流时间3h。优化后纤维素测定条件RSD均小于1．69％,平均回收率98．76％,表明该方法的精度高,可靠行强。     

Pseudomonas S2-3菌株对Cr(VI)的耐受性及去除

针对分离得到的Cr(VI)耐受菌株S2-3进行了基本生长特征、16S rRNA序列分析、Cr(VI)对菌株生长影响、菌株生长代谢与铬的去除的关系等研究。结果表明:该菌株属于假单胞菌,与Pseudomonas chlororaphis(Z76673)相似性最高(99.8%);Cr(VI)对菌株生长有着明显的抑制作用,其耐受上限可达到1500 mg/L左右;Cr(VI)导致菌体细胞大小分布变宽,同时使得细胞表面的-OH和-NH基团减少。当初始Cr(VI)浓度为100 mg/L时,48 h内菌株S2-3对Cr(VI)去除效率可达到85.9%,对总铬去除率为24.1%。在高Cr(VI)浓度(1000 mg/L)下,菌株对Cr(VI)和总铬仍有一定的去除效果,分别为58.7%和3.3%。菌株S2-3主要通过还原Cr(VI)的方式去除Cr(VI)。Cr(VI)的还原与菌液ORP以及细胞表面的-OH和-NH有关;总铬的去除不是因为形成了氢氧化铬沉淀,而是Cr(III)被吸附在了细胞表面的-C=O上。     

雨水生物滞留系统控制径流污染物研究进展

雨水生物滞留系统作为《海绵城市建设技术指南》中推荐优先利用的技术措施,能够从源头上削减雨洪径流量和净化水质,达到降雨时吸水、蓄水、渗水、净水的目的。为促进该技术的推广运用,分析了生物滞留系统的结构及水文特性,重点总结了生物滞留系统去除径流污染物的研究现状,针对生物滞留系统对氮、磷等污染物去除效果较差的问题,论述了优化改进生物滞留系统的技术措施,为该技术的进一步研究和应用提供借鉴和参考。     

Range of ecological impact of highway construction in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region,China

The major features of different road sections were identified. Methods quantitatively determining the ecological impact of highway construction were discussed, and a demonstration was presented. The Dabao highway (from Dali to Baoshan) and the Sixiao highway (from Simao to Xiaomengyang) passing through the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region were used as examples in this paper. For the normal road sections having no important species to protect, a method of ecosystem health assessment was introduced to calculate the overall range of the ecological impact of highway construction. For the road sections having plants or soils of interest, indexes were selected and the range of impact was determined using mathematical methods such as regression analysis and variance analysis. The range of impact on animal populations was also discussed in terms of the minimum living areas required by animal populations and the fragmentation caused by highway construction. The results indicate that the zones impacted by highway construction were composed of both regular and anomalous figures, the range of impacts for different landforms of the two sample highways were substantially different; highway construction had dramatic effects on roadside ecosystem health; the impact on soil factors of farmland was greater than 200 m, and the distance may exceed 1000 m when important large animals were considered.     

警用热防护材料的应用研究和发展概况

热防护装备是警察面对火灾和高温时保存生存力和提高战斗力的必备装备,因此研究热防护材料的性能和防护机理显得尤为重要。本文分析了在警用领域热防护材料的研究现状,讨论了热防护材料的性能与表征方法,最后对新型热防护材料气凝胶的发展现状进行了介绍。     

风向对南通市大气环境影响的分析

通过对南通市区１９９３－１９９５年二氧化硫监测数据及风向风频数据的分析，运用污染指数评价了不同风向下的大气环境质量，定性讨论产找出了主要影响该市大气环境质量的风向。     

Comparison of Indexes for Prioritizing Placement of Water Quality Buffers in Agricultural Watersheds1

Dosskey, Michael G. and Zeyuan Qiu, 2011. Comparison of Indexes for Prioritizing Placement of Water Quality Buffers in Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):662‐671. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00532.x Abstract: Five physically based, spatially distributed, empirical indexes were compared for the degree to which they identified the same or different locations in watersheds where vegetative buffers would function better for reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution. All five indexes were calculated on a 10 m × 10 m digital elevation grid on agricultural land in the 144‐km² Neshanic River watershed in New Jersey. The indexes included the topography‐based Wetness Index (WI) and Topographic Index (TI) and three soil survey‐based indexes (sediment trapping efficiency [STE], water trapping efficiency [WTE], and groundwater interaction [GI]). Results showed that each index associated higher pollution risk and mitigation potential to a different part of the landscape. The WI and TI identified swales and riparian areas where runoff converges, whereas STE and WTE identified upland sites. The STE and WTE lack the fine scale of slope resolution and the accounting for convergent runoff patterns that can be important for properly locating buffers in some watersheds. The GI index indicates the existence of a shallow water table but the correspondence with WI‐ and TI‐identified sites was only modest. For watersheds where pollutant loading is generated by both saturation‐excess (emphasized by TI and WI) and infiltration‐excess processes (emphasized by STE and WTE), the indexes could be complementary. However, techniques would be needed for properly apportioning priority among sites identified by each index.     

1株高效BBP降解菌的分离与特性研究

从湖北省荆沙河泥样中富集培养分离得到了1株能够以邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯为唯一碳源和能源生长的细菌并命名为HS-B1.采用形态学、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行了鉴定,发现HS-B1是1株杆状、需氧、革兰氏阴性细菌,接触酶呈阳性反应,氧化酶呈阴性反应,不产硫化氢气体,且该菌的16S rDNA序列与琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii)的相似性高达99%.因此初步鉴定该菌株为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.).摇瓶实验表明,菌株HS-B1生长和BBP降解的最适培养条件为35℃,pH 8.0.采用0.10 mmol.L-1非离子型表面活性剂吐温-80提高了BBP在水溶液中的表观溶解度,发现在最适培养条件下,HS-B1能够在48 h内将浓度为1 000 mg.L-1BBP完全降解,证明是一株高效降解菌.底物广谱性实验中,菌株HS-B1也能够有效利用DMP、DEP、DBP等邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物,说明该菌株在处理邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的污染治理中有独特的应用潜力.     

莱州湾东南沿岸地区海水入侵灾害研究

莱州湾东南沿岸地区是我国东部海水入侵最为严重的地区之一 ,本文在大量野外调查的基础上 ,分析了近 30a来该地区海水入侵的时间变化及空间分布 ;通过比较 ,发现本区海水入侵既受全球气候变暖、海平面升高大背景制约 ,更与过量开采地下水、地面下沉密切相关 ;海水入侵对本区工农业生产及人民生活等均已产生不良影响 ,必须引起高度的重视。