污水灌溉风险概率分布的研究

针对目前我国水资源紧缺、用大量污水进行农田灌溉造成环境污染的现状,指出了污水灌溉风险研究中的不足.利用农业干旱模型,通过非参数检验对污水灌溉风险的概率分布进行了研究,并利用江苏省南京地区某污灌区的实际资料,计算了当地污水灌溉风险的概率分布.     

Heavy metal contamination in a vulnerable mangrove swamp in South China

Concentrations of six heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Pb) in sediments and fine roots, thick roots, branches, and leaves of six mangrove plant species collected from the Futian mangrove forest, South China were measured. The results show that both the sediments and plants in Futian mangrove ecosystem are moderately contaminated by heavy metals, with the main contaminants being Zn and Cu. All investigated metals showed very similar distribution patterns in the sediments, implying that they had the same anthropogenic source(s). High accumulations of the heavy metals were observed in the root tissues, especially the fine roots, and much lower concentrations in the other organs. This indicates that the roots strongly immobilize the heavy metals and (hence) that mangrove plants possess mechanisms that limit the upward transport of heavy metals and exclude them from sensitive tissues. The growth performance of propagules and 6-month-old seedlings of Bruguiera gymnorhiza in the presence of contaminating Cu and Cd was also examined. The results show that this plant is not sufficiently sensitive to heavy metals after its propagule stage for its regeneration and growth to be significantly affected by heavy metal contamination in the Futian mangrove ecosystem. However, older mangrove seedlings appeared to be more metal-tolerant than the younger seedlings due to their more efficient exclusion mechanism. Thus, the effects of metal contamination on young seedlings should be assessed when evaluating the risks posed by heavy metals in an ecosystem.     

徐州大气颗粒物污染特征及传输途径分析

利用徐州2015年PM2.5和PM10逐小时质量浓度数据,分析了徐州颗粒物时空变化特征。同时基于HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,结合GDAS气象数据和空气质量数据,利用轨迹聚类及潜在源分析法研究徐州不同季节气流轨迹对颗粒物浓度的影响及PM2.5和PM10的潜在来源。结果显示,2015年徐州环境空气中PM2.5和PM10的年均值为65和122μg/m3,分别超过国家《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准限值86%和63%。各国控站点ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM10)月变化呈现一致的冬季高夏季低的"V"型变化特征,这与气象条件和气流轨迹特征季节性变化有关。秋冬季污染较高时期徐州主要受西北内陆性气团和较为稳定的气象条件影响,而春夏季来自较为干净的东部海洋性气团利于污染扩散。潜在源分析显示,山东、安徽、苏中南、浙西北等地区是影响徐州市PM2.5和PM10的主要潜在源区。各季节潜在源区分布范围有一定差异,冬季时潜在源区分布最广,并有明显向西北方向转移延伸的趋势。     

中国省域森林公园旅游产业竞争力的时空演化特征及影响因素

分析我国各省森林公园旅游产业竞争力演变及其影响因素,有助于为处于不同发展阶段和不同发展水平的省份提供产业竞争力方面的指导。首先构建我国港澳台外31省（市、自治区）森林公园的旅游产业竞争力指标体系,然后计算各省旅游产业竞争力得分并分析其时空演变特征,最后采用分位数回归研究影响森林公园旅游产业竞争力空间差异的主要因素。结果表明：中国森林公园旅游产业平均竞争力值较低,区域差异较大,呈现东部向中西部递减的状态;2004~2014年期间西部各省森林公园旅游产业竞争力进步较小,主要原因是受到“短板效应”的制约,表现为西部各省在产业效益方面与东、中部省份存在较大差距;中国的森林公园存在东北和东南两个高层次旅游产业竞争力集聚中心,并存在逐渐向周边地区扩散,带动周边省份提升发展的趋势;回归表明,国家扶持力度、管理投入、资源禀赋、经济基础、品牌效应和交通便利性会在不同分位点上对各省森林公园旅游产业竞争力产生影响。森林公园旅游产业竞争力在不同分位点上影响因素的差异为有针对性的提高各地区竞争力提供了良好的参考。     

Multiple copper adsorption and regeneration by zeolite 4A synthesized from bauxite tailings

Copper ions were first adsorbed by zeolite 4A synthesized from bauxite tailings, the desorption of Cu(II) using Na₂EDTA solutions was performed, and the recycling of zeolite 4A in adsorption and desorption was systematically investigated. It was observed that the Cu(II) removal efficiency was directly dependent on the initial pH value. The maximum removal efficiency of Cu(II) was 96.2% with zeolite 4A when the initial pH value was 5.0. Cu(II) was completely absorbed in the first 30 min. It was also observed that the desorption efficiency and zeolite recovery were highly dependent on the initial pH and concentration of Na₂EDTA in the solution. The desorption efficiency and percent of zeolite recovered were 73.6 and 85.9%, respectively, when the Na₂EDTA solution concentration was 0.05 mol L^?1 and the pH value was 8. The recovered zeolites were pure single phase and highly crystalline. After 3 cycles, the removal efficiency of Cu(II) was as high as 78.9%, and the zeolite recovery was 46.9%, indicating that the recovered zeolites have good adsorption capacity and can repeatedly absorb Cu(II).

     

Effects of an iron-silicon material,a synthetic zeolite and an alkaline clay on vegetable uptake of As and Cd from a polluted agricultural soil and proposed remediation mechanisms

Economic and highly effective methods of in situ remediation of Cd and As polluted farmland in mining areas are urgently needed. Pot experiments with Brassica chinensis L. were carried out to determine the effects of three soil amendments [a novel iron-silicon material (ISM), a synthetic zeolite (SZ) and an alkaline clay (AC)] on vegetable uptake of As and Cd. SEM–EDS and XRD analyses were used to investigate the remediation mechanisms involved. Amendment with ISM significantly reduced the concentrations of As and Cd in edible parts of B. chinensis (by 84–94 % and 38–87 %, respectively), to levels that met food safety regulations and was much lower than those achieved by SZ and AC. ISM also significantly increased fresh biomass by 169–1412 % and 436–731 % in two consecutive growing seasons, while SZ and AC did not significantly affect vegetable growth. Correlation analysis suggested that it was the mitigating effects of ISM on soil acidity and on As and Cd toxicity, rather than nutrient amelioration, that contributed to the improvement in plant growth. SEM–EDS analysis showed that ISM contained far more Ca, Fe and Mn than did SZ or AC, and XRD analysis showed that in the ISM these elements were primarily in the form of silicates, oxides and phosphates that had high capacities for chemisorption of metal(loid)s. After incubation with solutions containing 800 mg L^?1 AsO₄ ^2? or Cd²⁺, ISM bound distinctly higher levels of As (6.18 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) and Cd (7.21 % in relative mass percent by EDS analysis) compared to SZ and AC. XRD analysis also showed that ISM facilitated the precipitation of Cd²⁺ as silicates, phosphates and hydroxides, and that arsenate combined with Fe, Al, Ca and Mg to form insoluble arsenate compounds. These precipitation mechanisms were much more active in ISM than in SZ or AC. Due to the greater pH elevation caused by the abundant calcium silicate, chemisorption and precipitation mechanisms in ISM treatments could be further enhanced. That heavy metal(loid)s fixation mechanisms of ISM ensure the remediation more irreversible and more resilient to environmental changes. With appropriate application rate and proper nutrients supplement, the readily available and economic ISM is a very promising amendment for safe crop production on multi-metal(loids) polluted soils.     

O3-H2O2氧化法处理印染废水

采用O₃-H₂O₂氧化法对印染废水进行氧化处理,比较了O₃氧化法和O₃-H₂O₂氧化法对印染废水的处理效果,考察了初始废水pH、H₂O₂加入量、O₃流量和反应时间对废水的色度去除率和COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明：O₃-H₂O₂氧化法对废水的COD和色度的去除效果比O₃氧化法更好;在初始废水pH为11、H₂O₂加入量为13mmol/L、O₃流量为6g/h、反应时间为60min的最佳工艺条件下,处理后废水COD为61.50mg/L,COD去除率为95.73%,废水色度为5倍,色度去除率为99.75%,TOC为37.84mg/L,TOC去除率为85.10%,BOD₅为22.76mg/L,BOD₅去除率为90.20%,BOD₅/COD为0.37。     

半胱氨酸合钴溶液膜吸收法处理NO废气

在中空纤维膜接触器中以半胱氨酸合钴溶液为吸收液,采用膜吸收法处理NO废气。研究了对传质系数和NO去除率的影响因素,以及吸收液循环使用效果。实验结果表明:在进气流速为0.005 m/s、进气中NO质量浓度为650.14 mg/m3、吸收液pH为9、吸收液中半胱氨酸合钴浓度为0.017 mol/L、吸收液流速为0.003 m/s、吸收液温度为50℃的优化工艺条件下,吸收时间在55 min之内时,NO去除率保持在98%以上;吸收时间超过55 min之后,NO去除率迅速下降。吸收液经SO2还原处理后可多次循环使用,吸收效果基本不变。     

曝气条件对浸没式膜生物反应器内流场的影响

为深入研究流场动力学特性对浸没式膜生物反应器系统内膜面污染的控制,应用fluent软件对浸没式膜生物反应器内气液两相流动进行了三维数值模拟研究。采用标准k-ε湍流模型和欧拉多相流模型,考察了改变曝气条件对膜面气液速度场及气含率分布的影响。模拟结果表明,在相同曝气强度下,1 mm曝气孔径下膜面气液两相的速度增加较孔径2mm、3 mm的快;曝气孔径为1 mm时,膜面的液相速度随着曝气强度的增加逐渐增大;曝气孔径为1 mm时,曝气量为5.5m3/h所形成的漩涡区较大,膜面气含率值较高且分布较均匀,气液两相接触面积较大,膜面冲刷效果较好;模拟观察到反应器底部靠近壁面局部气含率较低,不利于活性污泥中微生物的生长,需要进一步优化曝气和反应器结构。     

烟气脱硫溶液中硫酸根的去除

分别采用石灰乳化学沉淀法和低温结晶法去除烟气脱硫溶液中的SO42-。实验结果表明：在室温、CaO溶液质量分数25%的条件下,石灰乳化学沉淀法对SO42-的去除率仅为59.51%,且向溶液中引入了Ca2+,产生的硫酸钙固体废物难以再生利用;采用低温结晶法处理烟气脱硫溶液,在结晶温度7 ℃、结晶时间3 h、NaOH加入量34.8 g/L的条件下,SO42-的去除率为82.04%、滤液中的ρ（Na+）为3.88 g/L。在现场工业应用试验中,采用低温结晶法去除烟气脱硫溶液中的SO42-,平均SO42-的去除率可达70.00%以上,滤液中的ρ（Na+）小于15.00 g/L。该法可有效抑制烟气脱硫溶液中SO42-含量的增加。