我国太阳能电池板生产中的环境污染问题

我国光伏产业飞速发展,其带来的环境污染问题日益受关注。太阳能电池板生产处于太阳能电池生产链的中游,包括制绒、磷扩散、刻蚀、印刷等工序,生产中大量使用了氢氟酸、硝酸、三氯氧磷及异丙醇等化学品,废水污染物包括F-、COD、TN等,废气污染包括NO x、HF、HCl等。分析了我国太阳能电池行业的环境管理方面主要存在的问题。     

用高效染料脱色菌和PVA降解菌混合培养液处理印染废水

在厌气－好气－活性碳三级串联工艺系统中，用７株高效染料脱色降解菌在厌气池中接种，在好气池中用聚乙烯醇降解菌富集培养液接种挂膜处理含ＰＶＡ和ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤｃｒ＜０．２的印染废水，经日处理１７ｔ废水的中试表明，当进水ＣＯＤｃｒ，ＢＯＤ５，ＰＶＡ，洗涤剂和色度含量分别为６８０ｐｐｍ，１１０ｐｐｍ，１３４ｐｐｍ，２．９４ｐｐｍ和６５倍时，在厌气池，好气池和活性碳池中的水力负荷分别为３．１７，３．０，１４     

除氟活性铝氧化物(AlO_xH_y-F_n)的吸附除砷性能

以活性铝氧化物AlOxHy处理某高氟地下水的中试实验获得的吸附剂废料AlOxHy-Fn为对象,考察其对三价砷(As(Ⅲ))和五价砷(As(Ⅴ))吸附去除性能,并对吸附机理进行了探讨。研究显示,AlOxHy-Fn为多孔无定型且具有不规则表面的絮状结构,比表面积为218.88 m2/g,零电荷点pHZPC在pH为8左右;AlOxHy-Fn可快速吸附As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ),且反应24 h后的平衡吸附量分别为0.60和3.41 mg/g,朗格缪尔模型可以很好地描述As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)在AlOxHy-Fn表面的吸附,且As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的最大吸附容量分别为13.63和63.27 mg/g;AlOxHy-Fn在pH=4~10范围内对As(Ⅴ)去除率在90%以上,As(Ⅲ)在中性和弱碱性pH范围内吸附效果较好,但去除率仍在32%以下。AlOxHy-Fn表面性质、砷形态分布特征等对As(Ⅲ)与As(Ⅴ)的吸附有重要影响,电负性As(Ⅴ)较电中性As(Ⅲ)更容易吸附在AlOxHy-Fn表面。AlOxHy-Fn吸附除砷过程中,在pH为6时氟溶出量最低(0.40 mg/g),过高或过低pH均会导致氟溶出量增大;氟溶出量与As(Ⅴ)吸附量之间有明显正相关关系(R2=0.97),但与As(Ⅲ)吸附量无相关关系;铝溶出量在pH为4~10范围内均很低。将AlOxHy-Fn回用作为除砷吸附剂去除工业含砷废水的砷具有良好的技术经济可行性,且将As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ)是提高去除效果的重要手段。     

柴油污染包气带的气相抽提影响因素

气相抽提(SVE)是一种经济、高效的土壤原位修复技术。为了研究介质、介质含水率和通风方式对SVE去除效率的影响,并探讨实验运行过程中包气带不同深度柴油浓度的变化规律,实验利用了有机玻璃柱模拟包气带环境,开展柴油污染的SVE实验。结果表明,对于不同介质,SVE去除粗砂中柴油的效率高于中砂;不同含水率,含水率为1%的粗砂中柴油的去除率大于含水率为12%的粗砂;不同的通风方式,连续通风的效率大于间歇通风。此外,不同深度介质均出现柴油浓度先升高后降低的趋势。     

FTIR研究非完全脱乙酰甲壳质对金属离子的吸附机理

以傅立叶交换红外光谱(FTIR)法研究了非完全脱乙酰甲壳质(NCTS)与Cu~ (2+),Ni~(2+),Co~(1+),Zn~(2+),Cd(2+),Hg~(2+),Ag~+,Pb~(2+)等八种金属离子形成的配合物的结构特征,并对各配合物在4000—400cm~(-1)范围内的主要吸收带作了经验归属.研究结果表明,在NCTS的金属离子配合物中,除—NH_2,—OH参予了配位外,羰基((?)C=O)和酰胺基(—CONH—)亦在不同程度上参予了配位;NCTS对Hg~(2+),Ag~+的吸附过程中存在着明显的氧化还原现象,Hg~(2+),Ag~+,分别被还原为Hg_2~(2+)和Ag~0,而NCTS分子中的—CH_2OH有可能被氧化成—COOH.     

Selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution by triolein-embedded composite adsorbent

A novel composite adsorbent (CA-T) was used for the selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was composed of the supporting activated carbon and the surrounding triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption isotherms and fluorescence methods were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of CA-T. Triolein was perfectly embedded in the cellulose acetate membrane and deposited on the surface of activated carbon. The adsorbent was stable in water and no triolein leakage was detected during the test periods. Some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as dieldrin, endrin, aldrin, and heptachlor epoxide, were used as model contaminants and removed by CA-T in laboratory batch experiments. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich equation and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order reaction model. Results also indicated that CA-T appeared to be a promising adsorbent with good selectivity and satisfactory removal rate for lipophilic OCPs from aqueous solutions when present in trace amounts. The adsorption rate and removal efficiency for lipophilic OCPs were positively related to their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow). Lower residual concentrations of OCPs were achieved when compared to granular activated carbon (GAC).     

Effect of preozonation on the characteristic transformation of fulvic acid and its subsequent trichloromethane formation potential: presence or absence of bicarbonate

The effects of bicarbonate on the characteristic transformation of fulvic acid (FA) and its subsequent trichloromethane formation potential (TCMFP) were investigated in the process of preozonation. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal rate and the residual aqueous ozone concentration during preozonation were measured with different bicarbonate concentration. The presence of bicarbonate inhibited DOC removal and decreased TCMFP yields in the initial oxidation period. In order to explain these phenomena, the molecular weight (MW) distribution (<5, 5-10, 10-30, and >30 kDa) and corresponding TCMFP were investigated for FA and its subsequent oxidation products. Furthermore, transformation of molecular structure, based on MW distribution, was also characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. Bicarbonate showed different inhibiting effects on TCMFP of organic species with different MW, and more significant TCMFP decrement was observed for the high MW fraction (>30 kDa) than for the low MW fractions. Preozonation led to obvious reduction on DOC and UV254 in most of MW fractions wherever bicarbonate was present or not, demonstrating that ozone contributed to both organics mineralization and structure variation, synchronously. As being indicated from the results of FTIR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the functional groups such as alcohols, epoxides and phenols, the formation of which was promoted with hydroxyl radicals (.OH) and would be remarkably inhibited by bicarbonate, were responsible for the increment of TCM precursor's concentration during ozonation. Results of these studies confirmed low dosage bicarbonate affecting the ozonation pathways, influencing the intermediate species formation and impacting its subsequent TCMFP yields through inhibiting the .OH radicals reactions mainly occurred in high MW fractions.     

氯苯驯化污泥中氯苯类同系物共存对氯苯生物降解影响

通过分析贡献因子的方法,对氯苯驯化污泥中氯苯类同系物共存时对氯苯生物降解性能的影响及作用机制进行了研究。结果表明：邻二氯苯、间二氯苯的共存有利于整个体系的降解,但氯苯的耗氧速率有所降低,竞争和共代谢作用是它们的作用机制;对二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯的共存会抑制整个体系及氯苯的降解,抑制作用是它们的作用机制。     

固定床-微电解反硝化去除饮用水中的硝酸盐氮

研究了一种电化学与生物膜集成的固定床-微电解反应器采用活性炭作为固定床填料,石墨板为阳极,碳纤维为阴极,通过电化学过程产氢作为反硝化的电子供体,在反应器内创造一种还原性条件,对含有硝酸盐氮的饮用水进行反硝化脱除.结果表明,在进水流量为40mL/h、硝酸盐氮浓度为40mg/L、电流强度达到14mA时,所研究的反应器对水中的硝酸盐氮可以100%去除,水中未检出亚硝酸盐氮.由于反硝化过程不加外加任何有机物,也不产生任何二次污染物,该除氮方法具有安全性.