大连市夏季人体舒适度评价研究

以大连市1984年－2013年逐年7、8月的日平均温度、相对湿度及平均风速等气象数据为基础,基于模糊综合评价法,对大连市夏季人体舒适度现状进行分析与评价,得到结论如下：用模糊综合评判大连市气候舒适度最适合的评判标准为气温22℃、相对湿度70％和风速2 m／s;大连市总体气候舒适状况良好,夏季相对最舒适的时间段为第6旬（8月20日～8月31日）,最不舒适的时间段为第4旬（8月1日～8月10日）;由于大连市夏季经常伴有雷阵雨甚至暴雨天气以及湿度大等原因,使得炎热气温所造成的不舒适的天气状况常能得到改善,因此大连市夏季舒适程度所占比例较大。     

Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂及其在石油污染修复中的应用

文章综述了鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂的研究进展包括其化学结构、产生茵及其发酵影响因素,特别讨论了鼠李糖脂在石油污染修复中的应用,并对未来鼠李糖脂发酵工艺中低成本生产原料的筛选开发和对其使用所造成的环境影响进行评价的研究方向进行了展望。     

强化臭氧化在处理有机废水中的典型反应与应用

采用Ｏ３与其它物理化学过程联用的强化方法,可以显著提高臭氧强化处理废水的功能与效率,降低臭氧消耗,在多种高浓度有机污染废水的处理中表现出了明显的优越性。     

氯苯类有机物生物降解性及共代谢作用研究

利用测定微生物呼吸耗氧量的方法,对氯苯类中的5种优先污染物：氯苯,邻、间、对－二氯苯,1,2,4－三氯苯的生物降解性能进行测试,比较了它们用不同的驯化污泥试验的生物降解性能差异。结果表明,五种氯苯在各自驯化污泥作用下的降解性易难顺序为：氯苯＞邻二氯苯＞间二氯苯＞对二氯苯＞1,2,4－三氯苯,对于氯苯、邻二氯苯、间二氯苯分别驯化污泥,它们能彼此降解,但不能降解对二氯苯和1,2,4－三氯苯,对于对二氯苯和1,2,4－三氯苯分别驯化污泥,对5种受试有机物都能产生降解作用,且能提高它们的生物降解速率。分析表明,5种受试物诱导产生了两种不同类型的酶系统,共代谢作用在它们的生物降解过程中发挥了重要作用。     

用边际费用分析方法研究制定排污收费的新标准

排污收费的有效性主要取决于它的经济刺激作用。本文分析了排污收费的经济学原理,提出了制定排污收费标准更为合理有效的方法──边际费用分析法,定量地描述和分析了排污收费与其经济刺激作用的关系,以天津纪庄子污水处理厂为例,提出应建立的排污收费标准。本文指出,有效地运用排污收费来管理污水的排放,必须实行区域总量控制,制定具有有效的经济刺激作用的排污收费标准。     

水中无机阳离子混凝剂的电动检测特性研究

为了在本质特征上定量说明水中无机阳离子混凝剂浓度与胶体稳定性的关系,提出了一种新的研究混凝过程胶体电荷变化的本质参数－流动电流。研究了无机阳离子混凝剂的性质和家度与电动特性参数之间的一般规律及等电点特征,考察了以ＳＣ表征混凝剂对水中胶体颗粒物作用的特性与效能,从而提出了一种研究混凝和在线监测水中胶体电荷对于混凝剂投加量变化的有效方法。     

敌百虫萃取分离的研究

在考察敌百虫亲油性的基础上,本文对敌百虫稀溶液进行了溶剂萃取和络合萃取的研究。结果表于敌百虫的亲油一般,溶剂萃取分配系数较小,加入胺类络合剂提高了溶剂对敌百虫的萃取分配系数。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚

利用固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱法(GC)联用技术测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚．优化萃取温度、萃取平衡时间、酸度、离子强度等实验条件．所建方法简便、精确,自来水和太湖水中均检测到氯酚。     

Understanding and addressing the environmental risk of microplastics

Over the past decades, the plastic production has been dramatically increased. Indeed, a category of small plastic particles mainly with the shapes of fragments, fibers, or spheres, called microplastics (particles smaller than 5 mm) and nanoplastics (particles smaller than 1 μm) have attracted particular attention. Because of its wide distribution in the environment and potential adverse effects to animal and human, microplastic pollution has been reported as a serious environment problem receiving increased attention in recent years. As one of the commonly detected emerging contaminants in the environment, recent evidence indicates that the concentration of microplastics show an increasing trend, for the reason that up to 12.7 million metric tons of plastic litter is released into aquatic environment from land-based sources each year. Furthermore, microplastic exposure levels of model organisms in laboratory studies are usually several orders of magnitude higher than those found in environment, and the microplastics exposure conditions are also different with those observed in the environment. Additionally, the detection of microplastics in feces indicates that they can be excreted out of the bodies of animal and human. Hence, great uncertainties might exist in microplastics exposure and health risk assessment based on current studies, which might be exaggerated. Policies reduce microplastic emission sources and hence minimize their environmental risks are determined. To promote the above policies, we must first overcome the technical obstacles of detecting microplastics in various samples.