民勤盆地水资源承载力指标体系及评估

水资源是民勤盆地社会经济发展最主要的限制因子,水资源承载力研究对民勤盆地实现可持续发展具有重要意义。论文采用定性和定量相结合的方法,从水资源承载力的定义、内涵、影响因素出发,结合民勤盆地的生态环境特点、社会经济发展状况,构建了由对象层指标和影响层指标组成、能够对水资源承载力进行测度和评价的指标体系。依据各指标的含义,利用可得数据初步估算、预测了民勤盆地2001、2010和2020年的水资源承载力,并对计算结果进行了简要评价。     

磷化氢液相催化氧化净化催化剂的初筛

传统的净化方法难以实现低成本、高效、选择性净化低浓度磷化氢尾气,这限制了含磷化氢尾气的资源化技术的实现。通过Pd(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Cu(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Fe(Ⅲ)对低浓度磷化氢连续净化的研究,筛选出在低温(<80℃)、常压下对低浓度磷化氢(850mg/m3)具有液相催化氧化净化活性的Pd(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Cu(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Fe(Ⅲ)3种催化剂,其中Pd(Ⅱ)催化氧化净化低浓度磷化氢的净化效率>60%,Pd(Ⅱ)-Cu(Ⅱ)及Pd(Ⅱ)-Fe(Ⅲ)催化氧化低浓度磷化氢(850mg/m3)的净化效率可达100%。     

氯苯类同系物共基质条件下相互作用研究

通过分析贡献因子的方法,研究氯苯类同系物在驯化污泥中同系物共基质条件下的耗氧速率,结果表明,氯苯类同系物共基质条件下存在的相互作用包括竞争,抑制、诱导及共代谢等,有机物间的相互作用受驯化污泥的影响较大,即使对于２种相同的有机物,经污泥不同,作用机制也不相同。     

Hierarchical Ag-SiO2@Fe3O4 magnetic composites for elemental mercury removal from non-ferrous metal smelting flue gas

Hierarchical Ag-SiO_2@Fe_3O_4 magnetic composites were selected for elemental mercury(Hg~0) removal from non-ferrous metal smelting flue gas in this study. Results showed that the hierarchical Ag-SiO_2@Fe_3O_4 magnetic composites had favorable Hg~0 removal ability at low temperature. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of hierarchical magnetic composite is much larger than that of pure Fe_3O_4 and SiO_2@Fe_3O_4. The Hg~0 removal efficiency reached the highest value as approximately 92% under the reaction temperature of 150°C, while the removal efficiency sharply reduced in the absence of O_2. The characterization results indicated that Ag nanoparticles grew on the surface of SiO_2@Fe_3O_4 support. The large surface area of SiO_2 supplied efficient reaction room for Hg and Ag atoms. Ag–Hg amalgam is generated on the surface of the composites. In addition, this magnetic material could be easily separated from fly ashes when adopted for treating real flue gas, and the spent materials could be regenerated using a simple thermal-desorption method.     

活性炭/铁氧化物磁性复合吸附材料的制备及去除水中酸性橙Ⅱ的研究

为获得同时具有优良的吸附特性和磁分离性的吸附材料,把活性炭和铁氧化物进行复合,得到活性炭/铁氧化物磁性复合吸附材料.吸附饱和后,用简单的磁分离工序即可把该吸附材料从溶液中快速分离出来.用共沉淀法制备了活性炭与铁氧化物质量比分别为3∶2和3∶1的磁性复合吸附材料,并用磁强计、BET比表面测定仪、XRD和扫描电镜对其进行了表征.考察了制备温度对复合吸附材料磁性的影响,研究了磁性复合材料吸附去除水中偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ的动力学、等温线及pH的影响.结果表明,不同温度条件下制备的复合吸附材料均有良好的磁性能,铁氧化物的存在对其比表面或者孔结构影响不大;活性炭铁氧化物磁性复合吸附材料对偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附动力学和吸附等温线也表明铁氧化的存在对活性炭的高吸附能力没有影响.     

2006年全球巨灾事件回顾与启示

本文主要介绍了2006年全球十大巨灾事件,简要分析了巨灾原因,总结归纳了去年国内灾害的四大特点,最后从灾前、灾中和灾后的应急响应过程的角度比较详细地阐述了由分析巨灾事件得出的三点启示,指出了政府应急管理的根本之道.     

过氧化氢氧化法处理低浓度含氰废水的研究

实验采用过氧化氢氧化法处理低浓度含氰废水,考察了过氧化氢浓度、反应时间以及反应pH值对于总氰化物去除率的影响。结果表明:上述研究参数均存在最佳值。在本实验研究范围内,总氰化物初始浓度为3.7 mg/L,过氧化氢浓度为0.96g/L,反应pH值为9,反应时间为2.5 h的条件下,总氰化物去除率达91.2%。实验室小试对比实验表明,过氧化氢和次氯酸钠均能有效处理低浓度含氰废水,但过氧化氢氧化法的药剂成本费比次氯酸钠氧化法的药剂成本费低。     

转鼓式内电解装置处理水中酸性橙Ⅱ染料

设计制作了转鼓式内电解反应装置,将铁屑与活性炭按体积比为1:1混匀后装填在转鼓内,对偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ(AOⅡ)进行降解实验,考察了溶液pH、转鼓转速和溶液浓度对AOⅡ降解过程的影响.结果表明,AOⅡ降解过程符合准一级动力学方程,酸性条件有利于AOⅡ的降解,转鼓转速过快和溶液浓度过高则不利于AOⅡ的降解.解决了铁炭床长时间运行板结结块的问题.AOⅡ分子在转鼓式内电解的作用下,其可见光和紫外光区的特征吸收峰逐渐降低直至消失,并新生成更容易生物降解的对氨基苯磺酸盐.     

Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China

Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM10 and PM1.8mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m~3, respectively,throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM1.8/PM10 ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM(organic matter = 1.6 × OC(organic carbon)) and SIA(secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca_2+were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA(secondary organic aerosol) and SIA,accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of(NH_4)_2SO_4, NH_4NO_3, Ca SO_4, Na_2SO_4 and K_2SO_4, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.     

Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility 10 km and RH(relative humidity) 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA(sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA(secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO2-+4, NO-3, NH4 and SOA were 49.8(± 31.6), 31.4(±22.3), 25.8(±16.6) and 8.9(±4.1) μg/m3, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO2-4,NO-3, NH+4, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM10 during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM10 rose to about27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM10 mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR(sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR(nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO2 to SO2-4and NO2 to NO-3, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.