二氧化碳捕集技术进展研究

CO2排放主要源于化石燃料燃烧过程,减少化石燃料燃烧过程排放的CO2对于降低大气中CO2浓度具有重要意义.针对燃烧过程排放的CO2,分析了CO2捕集技术的原理、工艺流程、优劣性和适用性,并归纳了CO2捕集技术的研发趋势.结果表明:CO2捕集技术主要包括燃料燃烧前捕集、燃烧后捕集和富氧燃烧.为了有效缓解因CO2排放导致的一系列环境及社会问题,后续需要进一步降低CO2捕集技术的成本以及通过立法以约束企业的CO2排放行为.     

污水净化装置内部流场特性分析研究

针对目前城市污水存在悬浮物和砂粒的问题,为了减少砂粒大量存在给后续单元带来的处理压力,设计了一种可实现在加药、絮凝等处理模块前,完成污水内固相悬浮物及颗粒的新型净化装置.基于计算流体动力学软件Fluent,运用混合相模型(Mixture),对新型污水净化装置内部流场特性及分离性能进行数值模拟分析.模拟结果显示新型污水净化装置内部流场分布均匀,分离性能稳定并呈现出了较好的固相去除效果,其中悬浮物的分离效率达90%以上,固相颗粒分离效率达91%.     

2013 — 2016年西安市臭氧时空变化特性与影响因素

臭氧污染主要是由前体物氮氧化物（NO_x）和挥发性有机物（VOC）的过量排放引起的,通过NO_x/?SO₂的比值可得知西安地区已经受到了光化学烟雾型污染的影响,大气中臭氧含量与NO_x的含量相关性较高;西安13个站点的8小时平均浓度分布变化大体可分为单峰变化和持续递减类型,浓度主要集中在0?—?90 μg???m^?3,不同站点臭氧含量相差较大;2013?—?2016年,高新西区臭氧超标天数最多,为146天,是超标天数最少的兴庆小区的2倍多。高浓度臭氧主要出现在高温度、低湿度、实时风向为东南风或南风的天气。此外,治理臭氧污染必须限制机动车尾气排放,同时研究表明来自秦岭的植物VOC对于西安臭氧浓度影响很大。     

土壤及土壤矿物对类胡敏酸的吸附解吸及其影响因素研究

应用平衡吸附法,研究了不同pH值、离子强度、类胡敏酸浓度和接触时间条件下,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对类胡敏酸(HLA)的吸附作用.结果表明:随着HLA浓度的增加,土壤及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量增加.黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附等温线均为L型,其吸附不可逆性表现为白浆土＞蒙脱石＞黑土.通过Langmiur方程计算,蒙脱石、白浆土对HLA达到吸附平衡时的最大吸附量分别为764.7、790.3 mg·g-1,而黑土为35.27 mg·g-1.Freundlich方程可以很好地描述白浆土、蒙脱石对HLA的吸附和解吸等温线,而Temkin方程可以很好地描述黑土对HLA的吸附和解吸等温线.同时,3种材料的吸附自由能△G°＜0,吸附热Qm ＞0,表明其对HLA的吸附是自发的、放热的过程.随着pH的升高,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量减少;随离子强度的增加,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量增大.黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附动力学过程划分为快反应和慢反应阶段,其中,蒙脱石、白浆土对HLA的吸附动力学过程用一级动力学方程拟合的效果最好,而对黑土而言,用Elovich方程描述更合适.     

Factors influencing the contents of metals and As in soils around the watershed of Guanting Reservoir, China

Topsoil samples from 61 sites around the Guanting Reservoir,China,were measured for Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As concentrations.The mean concentrations of Cu,Zn,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and As were 16.8,59.4,37.8,18.3,0.32,20.1 and 8.67 mg/kg dry weight,respectively.Factors that influence the dynamics of these metals in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined.The influence of atmospheric deposition,land use,soil texture,soil type and soil chemical parameters on metal contents in soils was investigated.Atmospheric deposition,land use and soil texture were the important factors affecting heavy metal residues.Soil type and soil chemical parameters were also involved in heavy metal retention in soils.The data provided in this study are considered crucial for reservoir remediation,especially since the Guanting Reservoir will serve as one of the main drinking water sources for Beijing in the foreseeable future.     

Sulfur-containing amino acid methionine as the precursor of volatile organic sulfur compounds in algea-induced black bloom

After the application of methionine, a progressive and significant increase occurred in five volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs): methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and dimethyl tetrasulfide (DMTeS). Even in the untreated control without a methionine addition, methionine and its catabolites (VOSCs, mainly DMDS) were found in considerable amounts that were high enough to account for the water’s offensive odor. However, blackening only occurred in two methionine-amended treatments. The VOSCs production was observed to precede black color development, and the reaching of a peak value for total VOSCs was often followed by water blackening. The presence of glucose stimulated the degradation of methionine while postponing the occurrence of the black color and inhibiting the production of VOSCs. In addition, DMDS was found to be the most abundant species produced after the addition of methionine alone, and DMTeS appeared to be the most important compound produced after the addition of methionine+glucose. These results suggest that methionine acted as an important precursor of the VOSCs in lakes suffering from algea-induced black bloom. The existence of glucose may change the transformation pathway of methionine into VOSCs to form larger molecular weight compounds, such as DMTS and DMTeS.     

复合膜生物反应器处理环氧氯丙烷废水

实验利用复合膜生物反应器处理以甘油为原料制备环氧氯丙烷产生的废水,考察了不同进水COD、水力停留时间以及盐度对处理能力的影响,并进行盐度冲击实验。生物处理后出水进行了深度处理的研究。结果表明:进水COD对处理能力影响较小;适当延长水力停留时间能优化出水水质;废水盐度高于22g/L时会对微生物产生抑制作用;深度处理能进一步降低出水COD;微生物通过一定时间的驯化期能适应并处理高盐度废水。     

Competitive sorption between 17α-ethinyl estradiol and bisphenol A/4-n-nonylphenol by soils

The sorption of 17α-ethinyl estradiol(EE2),bisphenol A(BPA),and 4-n-nonylphenol(NP) in single systems and the sorption of EE2 with different initial aqueous concentrations of BPA or NP were examined using three soils.Results showed that all sorption isotherms were nonlinear and fit the Freundlich model.The degree of nonlinearity was in the order BPA(0.537-0.686) > EE2(0.705-0.858) > NP(0.875-0.0.951) in single systems.The isotherm linearity index of EE2 sorption calculated by the Freundlich model for Loam,Silt Loam and Silt increased from 0.758,0.705 and 0.858,to 0.889,0.910 and 0.969,respectively,when BPA concentration increased from 0 to 1000 μg/L,but the effect of NP was comparably minimal.Additionally,EE2 significantly suppressed the sorption of BPA,but insignificantly suppressed that of NP.These findings can be attributed to the difference of sorption affinity of EE2,NP and BPA on the hard carbon(e.g.,black carbon) of soil organic matter that dominated the sorption in the low equilibrium aqueous concentration range of endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs).Competitive sorption among EDCs presents new challenges for predicting the transport and fate of EDCs under the influence of co-solutes.     

Multi-factors influencing the spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils surrounding drinking water protection zone

We selected the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China as a case where an industrial area locates on the upwind corner to study the influence of human activities and natural processes on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. Soil PAH concentrations in the study area follow a log-normal probability distribution function, suggesting that distribution of PAH in soils was affected by human activities. Distribution of PAHs in soils was significantly affected by the point source that high PAH concentrations were observed in near industrial area with an obvious declining trend from the northwest to the southeast which was the prevailing wind direction in this area. Away from the influence of point source, distribution of PAHs in soils was found to significantly correlate with total organic carbon content, while the influences of agricultural land uses and type of soil texture on the total soil PAHs contents and ring compositions were quite limited. The results can provide some evidences and data on the pollutant accumulation in drink water protection area influenced by natural processes and human activities.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.