脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、黄曲霉毒素B_1和玉米赤霉烯酮对秀丽隐杆线虫的联合毒性研究

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)是最为常见的粮食真菌毒素,易共存于谷物产品和动物饲料中,而目前对其联合毒性的研究较少,且研究结果并不完全一致。为探究DON、AFB_1和ZEN的联合毒性作用,本论文以秀丽隐杆线虫(C.elegans)为模型,分别评估了毒素混合物AFB_1+DON、AFB_1+ZEN、DON+ZEN和AFB_1+DON+ZEN对C.elegans的生长发育(体长)和生殖能力(产卵量)的毒性作用,并用Chou-Talalay模型来判定毒素混合物的相互作用类型。研究表明,AFB_1、DON和ZEN单独染毒C.elegans时,其毒作用强弱为AFB_1ZENDON。联合染毒时,AFB_1+DON对C.elegans产生协同作用,而DON+ZEN则产生拮抗作用;AFB_1+ZEN对体长(24 h)和产卵量的毒作用随着暴露浓度的增加,由弱拮抗变为协同作用,而在毒素暴露48 h后,对线虫的生长发育呈协同作用;AFB_1+DON+ZEN除在EC50-24 h和EC75-24 h时对体长产生明显的毒性增强作用外,其他普遍表现出拮抗作用。由此表明,DON、AFB_1和ZEN对C.elegans的联合毒性作用与剂量和时间相关。     

物元分析法在池塘循环流水养殖模式监测点优化中的应用

基于2018年-2019年松江池塘循环流水养殖模式水质监测数据,采用物元分析和聚类分析相融合的评价方法对水环境质量状况进行评价.结果表明,改进后的物元分析适用于池塘循环流水养殖模式监测网络,监测点从19个减少到8个,可节省50％的成本.F检验和T检验验证结果表明,优化后的监测网络能较好地代表原始监测网络.     

Comparison of membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of down-flow and up-flow biological activated carbon effluents

The UF membrane fouling by down- and up-flow BAC effluents were compared. Up-flow BAC effluent fouled the membrane faster than down-flow BAC effluent. The combined effects dominated irreversible fouling. The extent of fouling exacerbated by inorganic particles was higher. The TMP, permeate flux, and normalized membrane flux during 21 days of UF of DBAC and UBAC effluents. Fouling during ultrafiltration of down- and up-flow biological activated carbon effluents was investigated to determine the roles of polysaccharides, proteins, and inorganic particles in ultrafiltration membrane fouling. During ultrafiltration of down- flow biological activated carbon effluent, the trans-membrane pressure was≤26 kPa and the permeate flux was steady at 46.7 L?m⁻²?h⁻¹. However, during ultrafiltration of up-flow biological activated carbon effluent, the highest trans-membrane pressure was almost 40 kPa and the permeate flux continuously decreased to 30 L?m⁻²?h⁻¹. At the end of the filtration period, the normalized membrane fluxes were 0.88 and 0.62 for down- and up-flow biological activated carbon effluents, respectively. The membrane removed the turbidity and polysaccharides content by 47.4% and 30.2% in down- flow biological activated effluent and 82.5% and 22.4% in up-flow biological activated carbon effluent, respectively, but retained few proteins. The retention of polysaccharides was higher on the membrane that filtered the down- flow biological activated effluent compared with that on the membrane that filtered the up-flow biological activated carbon effluent. The polysaccharides on the membranes fouled by up-flow biological activated carbon and down- flow biological activated effluents were spread continuously and clustered, respectively. These demonstrated that the up-flow biological activated carbon effluent fouled the membrane faster. Membrane fouling was associated with a portion of the polysaccharides (not the proteins) and inorganic particles in the feed water. When there was little difference in the polysaccharide concentrations between the feed waters, the fouling extent was exacerbated more by inorganic particles than by polysaccharides.     

Multi-stakeholder collaboration in community post-disaster reconstruction: case study from the Longmen Shan Fault area in China

While multi-stakeholder collaboration is critical for effective community post-disaster reconstruction (CPDR), it is often very difficult in practice. The Longmen Shan Fault active seismic zone in China has experienced several recent earthquakes with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and 2013 Lushan earthquake, both of which caused extensive and widespread damage to many communities, presenting unprecedented challenges for post-disaster reconstruction. This paper develops a multi-cycle field research method that involves three interconnected cycles: internet research, field visits, and extensive surveys: to examine multi-stakeholder collaboration for the CPDR following the Wenchuan earthquake. It was found that there were 12 types of active stakeholders engaged across four main areas: infrastructure rebuilding, psychological recovery, socio-economic rehabilitation, and ecological restoration. Specifically, local community participation and effective collaboration between the community and the external stakeholders were found to be the most crucial elements for successful reconstruction. Multi-stage field research after the Lushan earthquake verified that CPDR was effective and that multi-stakeholder collaboration had improved from the lessons learnt from the Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction experience. Some advantages and limitations of this research are also given.     

Exploring the administrative mechanism of China's Paired Assistance to Disaster Affected Areas programme

The Paired Assistance to Disaster Affected Areas (PADAA) programme is a mutual aid initiative with Chinese characteristics, which speeded up the process of restoring and reconstructing regions affected by the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008. 1 The PADAA is an efficient instrument for catastrophe recovery, yet it remains a mysterious mechanism to many members of disaster management communities. This paper aims to lift the veil on it by assessing its origins and evolution. It draws on the multi‐level moderated competition model to explain how the PADAA functions within the Chinese administrative system. The country's top‐down political system allows the central authority to mandate provincial and local governments from more economically developed regions to assist devastated areas with post‐disaster reconstruction. The practices of local accountability complement vertical control by giving leaders from donor regions strong incentives to accomplish assigned reconstruction tasks, resulting in intense competition between them.     

江苏省工业化进程中的环境效应分析

工业化快速进程中．工业污染作为工业生产在所难免的附属产物．占全国总污染负荷的70％．对资源环境构成巨大压力。经济发达地区工业产值占据了国民经济的半壁江山．使得工业结构与布局成为影响生态环境质量的主要驱动因子。本文首先以江苏省为例．分析重污染行业结构与工业布局变动对环境效应的实际效果．得出重要结论：自1990年以来工业结构与布局调整不利于环境污染控制。从生产效应和社会效应两个方面．分析工业化进程中的环境效应影响机理．通过对江苏省的实证分析．结果证实工业结构与布局是现阶段景影响环境污染的重要变量。重污染行业结构是环境效应的主要影响因素。加快工业结构调整步伐、进一步优化工业布局．着力于从工业结构调整和工业布局变动趋势中获得改善环境质量的机遇和动力是摆脱环境与发展困境的有力手段。     

中国暖季近地面臭氧浓度空间格局演变及主要气象驱动因素

中国的近地面臭氧（O₃）浓度在2015~2018年间持续升高,已成为仅次于颗粒物的重要大气污染物.基于中国337个城市2015~2018年暖季（4~9月）的实时O₃浓度数据和气象数据,利用趋势分析、空间自相关、热点分析和多尺度地理加权回归（MGWR）,研究了2015~2018年中国暖季地表O₃浓度的空间演变格局,探讨了气象因素对其驱动的空间差异性.结果表明：①中国暖季O₃浓度整体呈显著升高趋势（P<0.05）,平均升高速率为0.28 μg·（m³·a）^-1,其中超过55%的城市O₃浓度每年升高0.50 μg·m^-3;②O₃浓度存在明显的区域差异,高值区（平均浓度>60 μg·m^-3）分布在华东、华北、华中和西北部分地区;低值区（平均浓度<20 μg·m^-3）分布在华南和西南地区;③O₃浓度变化趋势在空间上存在位于华东、华北、西北以及华中地区的热点区域和位于西南、华南（广西）以及东北地区的冷点区域;④气温是中国暖季O₃变化的主要气象驱动因素,其对华北、西北和东北地区O₃浓度的影响显著高于其他地区;除广西、云南和江西部分地区外,O₃浓度与气温呈显著正相关;O₃浓度在华南、华东和华中大部分地区与风速呈显著负相关,O₃浓度在华北和东北部分地区与风速呈显著正相关;除辽宁、山东、河北、甘肃、广东及西南部分地区外,O₃浓度与云层覆盖度呈显著负相关;除西北和西南部分地区外,O₃浓度与降水呈显著负相关.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾氮磷分布状况及沉积物污染评价

为了解三峡大坝蓄水完成之后香溪河库湾水体及沉积物中氮、磷的分布状况以及沉积物污染水平,2013年4月对三峡水库香溪河库湾进行调查采样,测定表层水及沉积物中氮磷含量和形态组成。结果表明,香溪河库湾表层水总磷(TP)含量范围为0.20~0.51 mg·L~(-1),总氮(TN)含量范围为0.54~2.25 mg·L~(-1),TP主要由磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-))组成,TN主要由硝酸盐(NO_3~-)以及氨氮(NH_4~+)组成,TP在空间上呈现从河口向库尾逐渐升高的分布格局,TN分布从河口向库尾逐渐降低。香溪河库湾沉积物中TP含量变化范围为642~1 189 mg·kg~(-1),TN含量变化范围为867~1 718 mg·kg~(-1),沉积物TP含量分布呈现上游高下游低,沉积物TN分布趋势呈现中间高,两头低。沉积物中TP主要由无机磷(IP)组成,有机磷(OP)所占比例较小,其中IP由钙磷(Ca-P)、铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)组成,三者含量:Ca-POPFe/Al-P,且沉积物TP含量空间变化受到三者影响(P0.05)。采用单一因子标准指数法对香溪河库湾沉积物中TN、TP污染水平进行评价,结果表明,表层沉积物中TN、TP最低级别污染指数平均值为2.0和1.6,表层沉积物中TN、TP污染指数均超过最低污染水平,且TP的严重级别污染指数达到0.5以上。三峡水库三期蓄水完成以后,香溪河库湾表层水体中氮磷含量较初期蓄水有所升高,各样点沉积物中氮磷含量表现出相同的趋势,沉积物中不稳定磷释放对水体富营养化具有影响,香溪河库湾的表层沉积物已经受到一定的污染,磷污染水平较高。     

环境风险全过程评估与管理模式研究及应用

基于环境风险“全过程管理”与“优先管理”的理念,提出了环境风险全过程评估与管理的概念框架和理论体系,涵盖了风险源识别、受体易损性评估、环境风险表征、风险应急控制决策以及风险事故损失后评估等关键步骤.并以某化工园区企业为例,以硝基苯储罐塌陷为初始事件,采用蝴蝶结方法进行风险源识别,得到硝基苯储罐泄漏事件蝴蝶结,通过GIS空间分析方法揭示居民对地表水水源污染易损性的空间分异,分析结果不仅为事故安全防范与应急控制提供关键节点,而且有助于在日常风险管理中增强受体抗风险能力.     

好氧填埋技术对渗滤液水质变化的影响

垃圾填埋场产生大量渗滤液,而一般厌氧型填埋场产生渗滤液中含有很高浓度的有机物。因此,渗滤液成为填埋场的难题。通过试验模拟垃圾的好氧填埋过程,并在此过程中对垃圾产生渗滤液中的COD、BOD5和NH 4+-N进行连续监测,通过试验初步得出:在好氧填埋条件下,垃圾堆体产生渗滤液中有机物和NH 4+-N浓度得到较大程度降低。渗滤液中COD、BOD5和NH 4+-N的降解率分别高达98.99%、99.94%和99.78%。