微塑料与有毒污染物相互作用及联合毒性作用研究进展

随着塑料产品的广泛应用,微塑料(microplastics,MPs)污染已经成为全球关注的重大环境问题.海洋中的MPs能够与有毒污染物(如有机污染物、重金属和纳米颗粒等)发生相互作用,对海洋生物产生复合效应.因此,MPs与环境中有毒污染物的联合毒性效应越来越引起人们的关注.本文首先概括总结出MPs对海洋生物的毒性效应及致毒机制,包括遮蔽效应、氧化应激、免疫毒性、生殖毒性、遗传毒性、神经毒性和行为毒性等方面:随后分别讨论了MPs和有机污染物、重金属以及人工纳米颗粒的联合毒性效应,从微塑料对污染物的吸附、富集和载体效应着手分析微塑料与污染物之间的相互作用,凝练得出MPs增强或抑制污染物毒性的作用机制,包括微塑料改变污染物的生物可利用性、微塑料改变生物体对污染物的胁迫响应、微塑料与污染物发生交互作用等;最后对微塑料与有毒污染物联合毒作用研究的发展方向进行了展望,建议在未来研究中重点关注环境特征的次生微塑料与有毒污染物相互作用的环境行为和生物效应,特别是通过食物链的传递作用.以期为准确评估和深入理解微塑料的海洋环境和人类健康风险提供理论依据.     

Removal of elemental mercury with Mn/Mo/Ru/Al2O3 membrane catalytic system

In this work, a catalytic membrane using Mn/Mo/Ru/Al₂O₃ as the catalyst was employed to remove elemental mercury (Hg⁰) from flue gas at low temperature. Compared with traditional catalytic oxidation (TCO) mode, Mn/Al₂O₃ membrane catalytic system had much higher removal efficiency of Hg⁰. After the incorporation of Mo and Ru, the production of Cl₂ from the Deacon reaction and the retainability for oxidants over Mn/Al₂O₃ membrane were greatly enhanced. As a result, the oxidization of Hg⁰ over Mn/Al₂O₃ membrane was obviously promoted due to incorporation of Mo and Ru. In the presence of 8 ppmv HCl, the removal efficiency of Hg⁰ by Mn/Mo/Ru/Al₂O₃ membrane reached 95% at 423 K. The influence of NO and SO₂ on Hg⁰ removal were insignificant even if 200 ppmv NO and 1000 ppmv SO₂ were used. Moreover, compared with the TCO mode, the Mn/Mo/Ru/Al₂O₃ membrane catalytic system could remarkably reduce the demanded amount of oxidants for Hg⁰ removal. Therefore, the Mn/Mo/Ru/Al₂O₃ membrane catalytic system may be a promising technology for the control of Hg⁰ emission.     

Genotoxicity study of phenol and o-cresol using the micronucleus test and the comet assay

Phenol and cresols are common toxic environmental pollutants. In this study, the micronucleus assay and the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) technique have been used to investigate the genotoxic activity of phenol and o-cresol. The result of experiments revealed that phenol and o-cresol were both evident genotoxins, and the genotoxic activity of o-cresol was stronger. In the micronucleus assay, phenol and o-cresol could both cause a significant increase in the micronucleus (MN) frequencies (p?p?p?p?相似文献   

等离子在卷烟厂除异味系统中的应用研究

卷烟厂中存在很多醛,酮有害气体,会大大降低工作环境的质量。针对此问题,提出了在高压直流上叠加高频电压交流脉冲的基础上调节可变电容改变电路阻抗的方法改进等离子体除异味装置。在高频高压脉冲电源下,利用可变电容与交直流叠加技术,产生高频高压快速上升沿的交流脉冲,改变负载回路上的阻抗,比较品质因数不同情况下产生的等离子,满足产生更佳低温等离子体的需求。经仿真实验结果和烟厂异味气体的成分分析表明,利用该方法可以达到除异味的理想效果,使工作环境得到更大更好的改善。     

Integrated benefits of power generation by straw biomass — A case study on the Sheyang Straw Power Plants in Jiangsu Province, China

Power generation using straw biomass has quantifiable benefits from an economic, ecological, and sociological perspective in China. The methods used to construct the assessment models of these integrated benefits were the revenue capitalization approach and the discounted-cash-flow approach. The results indicated that a straw power plant with the capacity of 2.50×10⁷W and burning 1.23×10⁵ tons of cotton straw could annually supply 1.40×10⁸ kWh of power. However, it would not be until six years later that these results could be measured. Over the long term, the gross benefits could reach up to 4.63×10⁸ Yuan. Therefore, the total benefits are expected to be 1.18 × 10¹² Yuan if all available straw resources are used to generate power. The policy implication showed that the long-term integrated benefits of power generation by straw biomass outweighed the short-term benefits. This is the main incentive to use straw biomass for power generation in the future.     

Comparison of photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2-nanotube-array photoanode prepared by anodization in different electrolyte

Self-organized, well-crystallized and high aspect-ratio TiO₂ nanotube arrays (TNAs) have been prepared by anodic oxidation in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) containing 5 wt% HF at 40 V (vs. Pt). A 50 h anodization results in a nanotube arrays approximately 19.4 μm in length, referred as long tube. As a comparison, the short titania nanotube arrays, about 500 nm in length, was obtained by anodization in HF aqueous solution, referred as short tube. Different characterization techniques (viz. FESEM, TEM, XRD and DRS) are used to study the nanotubular microstructure. The morphology of the nanotube electrodes shows an evident influence on their photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrochemical reactivity. The long tube reveals enhanced photocurrent response and PC degradation efficiency of organic compounds. The kinetic constant of PC degradation of methylic orange (MO) for long tube electrode is found 1.55 times as high as the short tube. A significant photoelectrochemcial synergetic effect in MO degradation was observed on the long tube electrode and the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of MO on long tube is 27% higher than its PC process.     

Fhhh工程菌株降解PTA废水动力学研究

研究了工程菌株Fhhh降解精对苯二甲酸(PTA)石化废水的动力学.将测得的Fhhh降解废水的6项动力学参数值、废水自然参数值、废水排放标准控制值,输入环境生物技术信息学软件(Ebis)进行计算.结果表明,来源于3种保存方法的Fhhh菌株中,所需反应器的最小体积(V_min)为1309m³,比降解率(q_A)的最高数值为0.0136h^-1,是土著菌YZ1的4倍,高于国内外同类研究的4项数值,低于同类研究的2项数值.结果表明,Fhhh工程菌株具有降解PTA废水的显著优势.     

扫频脉冲电磁场对污水的杀菌性能

将直流脉冲与变频扫频技术相结合开发研制出扫频直流脉冲装置,利用其产生的脉冲电磁场对生活污水进行了电磁杀菌试验研究,探讨了影响杀菌效果的相关因素.试验结果表明,在扫频范围400Hz～60kHz、输出功率20W、电流1～2A条件下,脉冲电磁场对生活污水具有一定的灭菌作用,其杀菌性能随作用时间、pH值、温度、原水菌数的升高而升高.当温度为25℃,pH为7.47时,原水经电磁处理4h后,细菌总数从7.2×10⁶个·mL^-1下降到2.2×10⁴个·mL^-1,去除率为99.7%;大肠杆菌数从9.2×10⁵个·mL^-1下降到3.5×10⁴个·mL^-1,去除率为96.2%.     

固定床-微电解反硝化去除饮用水中的硝酸盐氮

研究了一种电化学与生物膜集成的固定床-微电解反应器采用活性炭作为固定床填料,石墨板为阳极,碳纤维为阴极,通过电化学过程产氢作为反硝化的电子供体,在反应器内创造一种还原性条件,对含有硝酸盐氮的饮用水进行反硝化脱除.结果表明,在进水流量为40mL/h、硝酸盐氮浓度为40mg/L、电流强度达到14mA时,所研究的反应器对水中的硝酸盐氮可以100%去除,水中未检出亚硝酸盐氮.由于反硝化过程不加外加任何有机物,也不产生任何二次污染物,该除氮方法具有安全性.     

Forecasting industrial emissions: a monetary approach vs. a physical approach

Forecasts of industrial emissions provide a basis for impact assessment and development planning. To date, most studies have assumed that industrial emissions are simply coupled to production value at a given stage of technical progress. It has been argued that the monetary method tends to overestimate pollution loads because it is highly influenced by market prices and fails to address spatial development schemes. This article develops a land use-based environmental performance index (L-EPI) that treats the industrial land areas as a dependent variable for pollution emissions. The basic assumption of the method is that at a planning level, industrial land use change can represent the change in industrial structure and production yield. This physical metric provides a connection between the state-of-the-art and potential impacts of future development and thus avoids the intrinsic pitfalls of the industrial Gross Domestic Product-based approach. Both methods were applied to examine future industrial emissions at the planning area of Dalian Municipality, North-west China, under a development scheme provided by the urban master plan. The results suggested that the LEPI method is highly reliable and applicable for the estimation and explanation of the spatial variation associated with industrial emissions.