联邦德国易本比伦(Jbbenburen)煤矿的矸石山改造

煤矿与环境保护之间有着密切的联系,因为开采地下矿产资源必定会影响到地球表面。随着采煤机械化程度的不断提高,矸石比重越来越大,1940年的矸石百分比为18％,而1970年则增加到37％,矸石的重量相当于原煤的50％。因此,必须对煤矿的矸石山进行改造。从七十年代开始,随着人们对环境保护观念的不断更新,已经从过去传统的松散堆置的锥形矸石山,转变到改造矸石山,使其接近原生态环境。     

新疆煤田火灾的成因、危害及综合治理

新疆是世界上煤田火灾最严重的地区,原因主要是新疆地处欧亚大陆腹地,具典型的大陆性干旱气候;新疆地区煤系为中下侏罗纪,地质活动较为剧烈;小煤窑的乱采滥挖等.新疆煤田火灾带来巨大危害:损失煤炭资源、污染环境、引发地质灾害、破坏生态平衡及危害生物健康等.对煤田火灾进行综合治理已经成为当务之急.为了有效灭火,应先对火区进行探测.探测方法有磁异常探测法、自然电场法和红外地面测温法等.然后因地制宜地选择适当的灭火技术进行灭火.灭火之后还应利用地理信息系统等方法对火区进行动态监测.     

实现绿色清洁经济必须引起足够的国际重视

2008年世界环境日的主题是"改变传统观念,推行低碳经济".如果我们要在全球范围内实现绿色清洁经济、大幅减少低效矿物燃料使用、开发新型可再生能源的目标,必须引起足够的国际重视.     

博斯腾湖水文特征的变化及其合理利用

一、湖区概况博斯腾湖是我国十大湖泊之一。位于天山南坡焉耆盆地的东南部,处于该盆地的最低处,东西长55公里,南北宽25公里。当其水面高程为1048.28米时(1959年),水面面积为992平方公里,总容积为88亿立方米。湖水平均深度约8米,最深处可达14—15米(湖底最低处高程为1031米)。湖的西部、     

Analysis of trace dicyandiamide in stream water using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography UV spectrometry

An improved method for trace level quantification of dicyandiamide in stream water has been developed. This method includes sample pretreatment using solid phase extraction. The extraction procedure (including loading, washing, and eluting) used a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and dicyandiamide was eluted with 20 mL of a methanol/acetonitrile mixture (V/V = 2:3), followed by pre-concentration using nitrogen evaporation and analysis with high performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet spectroscopy (HPLC–UV). Sample extraction was carried out using a Waters Sep-Pak AC-2 Cartridge (with activated carbon). Separation was achieved on a ZIC^®-Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (ZIC-HILIC) (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) chromatography column and quantification was accomplished based on UV absorbance. A reliable linear relationship was obtained for the calibration curve using standard solutions (R² > 0.999). Recoveries for dicyandiamide ranged from 84.6% to 96.8%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 3) were below 6.1% with a detection limit of 5.0 ng/mL for stream water samples.     

轰燃后火焰的辐射热通量计算

轰燃后火焰的热辐射危害，是目前确定建筑物间安全距离的主要依据之一。该文提出了轰燃后火焰在室外一定距离处辐射热通量的计算方法；并在喷出火焰不受室外风影响的情况下，利用小规模试验的结果对这一方法进行了验证。     

Tolerance (PICT) of the bacterial communities to copper in vineyards soils from Spain

To detect effects of Cu pollution, the Cu tolerance of soil bacterial communities extracted from several vineyards located in NW Spain was measured. Bacterial community tolerance was estimated by means of the thymidine (TdR) and leucine (Leu) incorporation techniques using either IC(50) values (the log of the metal concentration that reduced incorporation to 50%) or the percentage of activity at one specific Cu concentration (10(-6) mol L(-1)). The tolerance measurements by the TdR incorporation technique were similar to those obtained by the Leu incorporation method, indicating that the two methods were equivalent in terms of suitability for detecting the toxicity of Cu to soil bacterial communities. The two tolerance indices considered (IC50 values and percentage of activity) were closely correlated (r = 0.975, P < 0.001), showing that both were equally good in measuring Cu tolerance of the bacterial community. An increased bacterial community tolerance to Cu, indicating a pollution effect, was observed in vineyard soils with more than 100 mg Cu kg(-1) soil. Thus, the long-term use of Cu in vineyards has a toxic effect on the soil bacterial community, resulting in an increased tolerance. An effect of increased levels of Cu could not be detected when measuring bacterial community activity, pointing to the increased sensitivity to detect toxicity in field studies using tolerance measurements.     

Identifying fecal sources in a selected catchment reach using multiple source-tracking tools

Given known limitations of current microbial source-tracking (MST) tools, emphasis on small, simple study areas may enhance interpretations of fecal contamination sources in streams. In this study, three MST tools-Escherichia coli repetitive element polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), coliphage typing, and Bacteroidales 16S rDNA host-associated markers-were evaluated in a selected reach of Plum Creek in south-central Nebraska. Water-quality samples were collected from six sites. One reach was selected for MST evaluation based on observed patterns of E. coli contamination. Despite high E. coli concentrations, coliphages were detected only once among water samples, precluding their use as a MST tool in this setting. Rep-PCR classification of E. coli isolates from both water and sediment samples supported the hypothesis that cattle and wildlife were dominant sources of fecal contamination, with minor contributions by horses and humans. Conversely, neither ruminant nor human sources were detected by Bacteroidales markers in most water samples. In bed sediment, ruminant- and human-associated Bacteroidales markers were detected throughout the interval from 0 to 0.3 m, with detections independent of E. coli concentrations in the sediment. Although results by E. coli-based and Bacteroidales-based MST methods led to similar interpretations, detection of Bacteroidales markers in sediment more commonly than in water indicates that different tools to track fecal contamination (in this case, tools based on Bacteroidales DNA and E. coli isolates) may have varying relevance to the more specific goal of tracking the sources of E. coli in watersheds. This is the first report of simultaneous, toolbox approach application of a library-based and marker-based MST analyses to flowing surface water.     

Occurrence and bioavailability of pyrethroids in a mixed land use watershed

The shift in land use patterns within many urban areas has the potential to influence the magnitude and nature of nonpoint-source pollution. The presence of pyrethroid insecticides in urban surface streams is of particular concern due to the broad spectrum toxicity of pyrethroids to aquatic organisms and the widespread use of pyrethroid products for agricultural and urban pest control. Sediment samples were collected throughout a mixed land use watershed in southern California during two sampling periods and analyzed for a suite of pyrethroids. Bifenthrin and fenpropathrin were found most frequently in the sediment samples, with the highest concentrations associated with sites adjacent to large commercial nurseries. Sediments from residential areas or residential-commercial mixed areas had fewer detections and significantly lower concentrations than the nursery runoff sediments. No apparent difference was found between wet and dry season concentrations, which may be attributed to the fact that the lack of flow under dry weather conditions rendered pyrethroid residues immobile. Organic carbon-normalized sediment concentrations were poorly correlated with the freely dissolved pore water concentrations measured by solid phase microextraction (SPME), suggesting factors other than sediment organic carbon content should be considered when relating concentrations to potential toxicities.