考虑pH值和挥发性脂肪酸影响的填埋城市固废厌氧降解模型

建立了描述填埋城市固体废弃物降解过程和行为的2阶段厌氧降解机理模型.模型考虑了含水率、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和pH值等主要环境因素的作用.为了适用于不同渗滤液酸化水平下的降解,单独考虑了pH值和分子态VFA对甲烷菌繁殖的影响.建立了气相高CO2分压下的渗滤液pH值计算方程,并给出了降解环境中CO2分压的计算方法.通过对一固废降解试验的模拟验证了模型的有效性.最后,采用所建立的pH值计算方程揭示了填埋环境下高CO2分压对渗滤液pH值影响显著,渗滤液pH值与VFA间缺乏不同酸化水平下的一致对应关系和高酸化水平下pH值对VFA浓度变化不敏感、分子态VFA抑制作用明显等规律.     

Pheromone communication and the mushroom body of the ant, Camponotus obscuripes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Communication by means of pheromones plays predominant roles in colony integration by social insects. However, almost nothing is known about pheromone processing in the brains of social insects. In this study, we successfully applied intracellular recording and staining techniques to anatomically and physiologically characterize brain neurons of the ant Camponotus obscuripes. We identified 42 protocerebral neurons that responded to undecane and/or formic acid, components of alarm pheromones that evoke attraction or evasive behavior, respectively. Notably, 30 (71%) of these neurons were efferent (output) or feedback neurons of the mushroom body, and many of these exhibited different responses to formic acid and undecane. Eight of the remaining 12 neurons had arborizations in the lateral and/or medial protocerebrum, which receive terminations of efferent neurons of the mushroom body and from which premotor descending neurons originate. The remaining four neurons were bilateral neurons that connect lateral accessory lobes or dorsal protocerebrums of both hemispheres. We suggest that the mushroom body of the ant participates in the processing of alarm pheromones. Seventeen (40%) of 42 neurons exhibited responses to nonpheromonal odors, indicating that the pheromonal and nonpheromonal signals are not fully segregated when they are processed in the protocerebrum. This may be related to modulatory functions of alarm pheromones, i.e., they change alertness of the ant and change responses to a variety of sensory stimuli.     

1990～2000年加拿大泥炭开采产生的温室气体排放:一个生命周期分析

这项研究采用生命周期分析来探讨加拿大1990～2000年间泥炭工业温室气体(GHG)净排放量.GHG交换通过土地利用变化、泥炭开采、处理、运输到市场,以及开采的泥炭原地分解来估算.根据一个累积GHG计算模型估计显示,1990年泥炭开采生命周期中排放GHG 0.54×106t,到2000年,增加到O.89×106t(以CO2当量表示,在100年时间水平下).与最终利用相关的泥炭分解是GHG最大的排放源,在11年中,占总排放量的71%.土地利用变化导致了泥炭田由GHG汇转变为源,占了15%的份额.泥炭运输占据了GHG总排放量的10%,开采和加工占4%.如果泥炭田恢复成功,并且被完全开采了的泥炭田重新成为净碳汇,碳库恢复到原来水平也大概得需要2000年时间.     

挪威芬马克省西部比约瓦格铜-金矿床

<正> 引言 比约瓦格(Bidjovagge)矿床位于挪威北部芬马克省考托克诺(Kautokeino)村西北约40公里处(图1)。矿化产于Caskias群的绿岩中。绿岩带的时代,一般认为属瑞科卡累利阿期,但近来经芬兰人的工作(G.Gaal等,1978),认为基提拉(Kittil)绿岩杂岩应属太古代。     

套长石与聚晶

<正> 引言套长石是指 K 长石被斜长石所包围或者相反。它们通常是浅成和半深成花岗岩及安粗至流纹质火山岩的成分。对于火成岩中的套长石已提出四种成因:附生(Tuttle 和 Bowen,1958),出溶(Gates,1953),交代(McDowell,1978)和熔蚀(Stull,1978)。每一种成因意味着有一个不同的岩浆史。因此,套长石的鉴定和正确解释,对了解岩浆作用是至为重要的。     

以现代和古老实例论大陆扩张过程中地壳深部的变质作用

<正> 前言张性(extensional)构造作用在地质界引起了广泛的兴趣。地质工作者,特别是构造地质工作者,已开始考察据认为可用来鉴别古老张性构造体系的特征。近来,有人提出与大陆裂谷作用有关的张性作用是产生高温/低压变质地体的一种机制。现在,有必要确定一些标准,以便区分与张性构造有关的变质作用和大陆会聚带地体中所发生的变质作用。本文将讨     

安大略柯克兰莱克克尔艾迪生太古代脉金矿床的热液蚀变分带和金的富集

克尔艾迪生——阿伯蒂比带中的一个大型太古代脉金矿床,位于紧靠区域性构造破裂——柯克兰莱克-拉尔德莱克断层带南面的一个滑石-碳酸盐和绿泥石-碳酸盐岩带中。残余的火山结构连同活动性比较低的特征元素的比值表明,矿体的围岩原来大多是镁铁质和超镁铁质岩石及其派生的碎屑岩。 CO_2与碱金属饱和指数移动平均值的投影与金丰度变化的惊人一致,说明金的富集作用与热液蚀变有成因联系。就大范围来说,金富集在柯克兰莱克-拉尔德莱克断层带以南,就细部来说,富集在碳酸盐-白云母型蚀变和碳酸盐-钠长石型蚀变之间的过渡带中。 金富集在柯克兰莱克断层带的一侧被认为是由氧化态梯度变化产生的交代分带所造成的,贵金属富集在还原的一侧。柯克兰莱克-拉尔德莱克断层带南面的蚀变类型分带代表了与外生流体的成分相适应的、连续而逐渐加深的岩石变化过程的不同阶段。连续产生的断裂组合和矿脉有着相同的蚀变型式,因此,流入的热液流体的成分看来在整个时期中基本上没有发生变化。 克尔艾迪生矿山的金矿化及其邻近的蚀变晕被解释为周期性出现的水力压裂、流体渗透及其与岩石的局部反应所造成的结果。流体-岩石的相互作用使流体的成分发生了侧向变化,导致了金的富集(这可能是由于pH值梯度变化的缘故),使金优先富集在?     

北大西洋区域的环境变化:SCANNET作为记载、认识和预测变化的合作途径

北大西洋周边区域(SCANNET区域)涵盖了广泛的气候区、自然环境和可用自然资源范围.除了最北部地区,至少自最后一次冰期结束以来,这里就有人和多种文化存在.然而,该区在大的地理尺度上也是非常重要的,因为它影响着全球气候并支撑着在北极地区和世界其它大陆之间迁徙的动物.这一区域的气候、环境和土地利用正在发生急剧变化,预测显示,全球变暖在这里的表现会更强,而土地利用的增加会使剩余的野地急剧减少.因为本区大部分地方人口稀疏(如果有人居住的话),过去环境变化及其影响方面的观测记录也都是很少而且时段很短的.然而,记录现在正在进行的变化、认识这些变化的驱动力和预测这些变化的后果变得非常重要了.为了促进认识全球变化对北大西洋区域陆地的影响的研究,同时也为了实时监测这种变化,2000年欧共体资助成立了一个研究站点网络及其下设机构,命名为SCANNET--斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)/北欧陆地野外基础网络.SCANNET目前包括9个核心站及当地网络里面的5个站,它们一起覆盖了该区当前气候和预测的变化的广泛区域.气候指标在网络内部是共同的,而每个站点都选择特殊的环境和生态主题进行精细观测.这既保证了主题覆盖面的多样性又保证了专门技术的多样性.我们总结了SCANNET到目前为止的发现,并概述其资料基础,以增加对北大西洋环境变化数据的了解.同时我们也总结我们在理解方面的重要缺陷以及SCANNET已经存在机构和行动在促进今后的研究、监测和野外实证行动方面的作用.     

Forensic entomology

Necrophagous insects are important in the decomposition of cadavers. The close association between insects and corpses and the use of insects in medicocriminal investigations is the subject of forensic entomology. The present paper reviews the historical background of this discipline, important postmortem processes, and discusses the scientific basis underlying attempts to determine the time interval since death. Using medical techniques, such as the measurement of body temperature or analysing livor and rigor mortis, time since death can only be accurately measured for the first two or three days after death. In contrast, by calculating the age of immature insect stages feeding on a corpse and analysing the necrophagous species present, postmortem intervals from the first day to several weeks can be estimated. These entomological methods may be hampered by difficulties associated with species identification, but modern DNA techniques are contributing to the rapid and authoritative identification of necrophagous insects. Other uses of entomological data include the toxicological examination of necrophagous larvae from a corpse to identify and estimate drugs and toxicants ingested by the person when alive and the proof of possible postmortem manipulations. Forensic entomology may even help in investigations dealing with people who are alive but in need of care, by revealing information about cases of neglect.     

Genetic variation in natural honeybee populations,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Apis mellifera capensis</Emphasis>

Genetic variation in honeybee, Apis mellifera, populations can be considerably influenced by breeding and commercial introductions, especially in areas with abundant beekeeping. However, in southern Africa apiculture is based on the capture of wild swarms, and queen rearing is virtually absent. Moreover, the introduction of European subspecies constantly failed in the Cape region. We therefore hypothesize a low human impact on genetic variation in populations of Cape honeybees, Apis mellifera capensis. A novel solution to studying genetic variation in honeybee populations based on thelytokous worker reproduction is applied to test this hypothesis. Environmental effects on metrical morphological characters of the phenotype are separated to obtain a genetic residual component. The genetic residuals are then re-calculated as coefficients of genetic variation. Characters measured included hair length on the abdomen, width and length of wax plate, and three wing angles. The data show for the first time that genetic variation in Cape honeybee populations is independent of beekeeping density and probably reflects naturally occurring processes such as gene flow due to topographic and climatic variation on a microscale.