用氧化裂解和四极质谱检测法测定地面水中有机悬浮物的元素组成

本研究采用燃烧后四极质谱(QMS)检测装置测定地面水中有机悬浮物的元素组成。用离心法收集几种类型水中的固体物质。结果表明,本方法可用于水特性鉴定等方面。包括予处理和元素分析约需30分钟。无论水污染研究还是废物和天然有机物代谢机理的探讨,都越来越对地面水中不溶物内的有机质部分的元素组成感兴趣。有机质的组成极为复杂,因为它可能含有多种工业组分及脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物的代谢物。所以,进行全面的结梅分析以确定化合物的种类及其含量是不实际的而且几乎是不可能的。然而,元素分析可以给出化合物种类的有用信息,如脂肪或蛋白质的存在。最近Baumeister(1978)进行了地面水中悬浮物的CHN分析(即碳氢氮分析,译注)。他发现,各种不同试样的颗粒中C/N比率颇为一致。这可说明均来源于生物。     

石油在海水中的分解过程的模型试验及其某些结果

在海洋中,最普遍的污染物质就是石油和石油产品。在海岸、石油开采区和紧张通航的区域形成的污染场不断地往远离这个区域的地方扩散,并在时间和空间上都趋于稳定。往往有这种情况:在离岸很远的距离内石油产品的含量会大大超过通常极限允许浓度(пдк)的标准。     

孟加拉国用竹子造纸的环境问题

卡尔那波里造纸厂位于古大港山区,是1953年建立的孟加拉国第一个综合制浆造纸厂。该厂的原料取自本山区自然生长的竹林。卡尔那波里造纸厂每年生产三万吨纸,需用风干竹子7.5万吨。竹子收获量的统计     

生产粉状合成洗涤剂废水的净化

在生产合成洗涤剂过程中,采用分离器和过滤器净化废水中磺酸基酯颗粒时(在这些废水中,表面活性剂的浓度达到了100毫克/升),在合成洗涤剂制备和配比阶段(由于低压泵和高压泵的影响,被污染的废水中含有2～5％的油和125～135毫克/升的阴离子表面活性剂)产生了大量废水。在生产粉状合成洗涤剂中,表面     

人与非洲猎豹相处的日子

我从路华汽车里小心翼翼地滑出来，带着大型摄影机以及各式各样的器材，这可不是件容易的事。     

Landmark memories are more robust when acquired at the nest site than en route: experiments in desert ants

Foraging desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, encounter different sequences of visual landmarks while navigating by path integration. This paper explores the question whether the storage of landmark information depends on the context in which the landmarks are learned during an ant's foraging journey. Two experimental set-ups were designed in which the ants experienced an artificial landmark panorama that was placed either around the nest entrance (nest marks) or along the vector route leading straight towards the feeder (route marks). The two training paradigms resulted in pronounced differences in the storage characteristics of the acquired landmark information: memory traces of nest marks were much more robust against extinction and/or suppression than those of route marks. In functional terms, this result is in accord with the observation that desert ants encounter new route marks during every foraging run but always pass the same landmarks when approaching the nest entrance.     

电化学检测离子色谱法测定氰化物、硫化物、碘化物和溴化物

用离子色谱(IC)和通过银工作电极的电化学检测来分离和检测氰化物、硫化物、碘化物和溴化物。它们的检测性限分别为2PPb、30PPb、lOPPb和lOPPb。氰化物和硫化物能同时测定,以及还有其它能被IC测定的一般阴离子。包含在镉和锌络合物中的氰化物作为总游离氰化物被定量测定,而包含在镍和铜络合物中的氰化物只有一部分作为游离氰化物被测定。在金、铁或钴络合物中强键合的氰化物不被测定。虽然离子交换技术能容易地使氰化物或硫化物与大多数普遍的阴离子分离,但是它们通过一般的方法如电导法的检测是     

Fluid Mechanics of Biological Surfaces and their Technological Application

 A survey is given on fluid-dynamic effects caused by the structure and properties of biological surfaces. It is demonstrated that the results of investigations aiming at technological applications can also provide insights into biophysical phenomena. Techniques are described both for reducing wall shear stresses and for controlling boundary-layer separation. (a) Wall shear stress reduction was investigated experimentally for various riblet surfaces including a shark skin replica. The latter consists of 800 plastic model scales with compliant anchoring. Hairy surfaces are also considered, and surfaces in which the no-slip condition is modified. Self-cleaning surfaces such as that of lotus leaves represent an interesting option to avoid fluid-dynamic deterioration by the agglomeration of dirt. An example of technological implementation is discussed for riblets in long-range commercial aircraft. (b) Separation control is also an important issue in biology. After a few brief comments on vortex generators, the mechanism of separation control by bird feathers is described in detail. Self-activated movable flaps (=artificial bird feathers) represent a high-lift system enhancing the maximum lift of airfoils by about 20%. This is achieved without perceivable deleterious effects under cruise conditions. Finally, flight experiments on an aircraft with laminar wing and movable flaps are presented.     

Protozoan colonization on artificial substrates in relation to water quality in a tropical Indian harbour

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎａｑｕａｔｉｃｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓａｒｅｒｅｍａｒｋａｂｌｙｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｉｎｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｉｒｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｔｏａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｉｃａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ.Ｔｈｉｓｈａｓｌｅｄｍａｎｙｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｏｒｓｔｏｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｌａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙａｎｄｆｉｅｌｄｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｆｏｒｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｒｉｓｋｐｏｓｅｄｂｙｈｕｍａｎｓｔｏｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ(Ｃａｉｒｎｓ…     

经济、能源、环境的综合评价模型

前言十年来,各国曾发生多起有关能源与环境问题。这种无秩序的不断增加的能源消费,廉价能源供给日益减少的经济发展比例,加重了环境污染。因此,对能源供给和环境保护的有关决策已介入了政治,这是所有发达国家而临困境所作出的必然结果。这结果产生了把环境政策和能源政策加以模型化,作为分析判断的尝试。为考查能源、经济与环境之间的相互关系,社会科学以及其他领域的专家共同完成了第一个模型,此模型揭示了能源,包含经济活动及其活动场所与环境之间相互作用,经济与环境具有极为密切的关系,环境也