Phthalate ester speciation in estuarine water, suspended particulates and sediments

Following earlier work (Al-Omran & Preston, 1987) in which phthalate ester speciation was examined in laboratory studies, the present paper describes the results of an attempt to validate the results by field measurements in the River Mersey Estuary, Liverpool, UK. Samples of water, suspended solids and sediments were analysed for their phthalate ester content. Solid samples were also analysed for their carbon, organic carbon and lipid content. A comparison of the field and laboratory results confirms the association between diethylhexyl phthalate and small particles and shows that other phthalates tend to be associated with relatively coarse, lipid-rich particles. Partition coefficients between dissolved phthalate esters and suspended particles are calculated and compared with other laboratory studies.     

Residues of phosphamidon in rice fields

Thirty-day-old seedlings of rice plants (IR-20 variety) from the nursery were transplanted into experimental plots and after 52 days were sprayed with phosphamidon (Dimecron 85% EC) at two dose-rates (0.38 kg a.i. ha(-1) and 0.76 kg a.i. ha(-1)). Residues of phosphamidon in the plant, soil and water were analysed by GLC, at various time intervals, and were found to decrease steadily up to 15 days. A second application of the pesticide was made on day 113 and grains harvested on day 138. The residue level in the plants was 0.12 microg g(-1) and in the grains 0.04 microg g(-1) with the high dose. This is slightly below the EPA prescribed tolerance level of 0.05 microg g(-1). The residues in both soil and water were very low, 24 h after spraying.     

Effects of SO2, NO2, and O3 on population development and morphological and physiological parameters of native herb layer species in a beech forest

The native ground vegetation of a beech forest was fumigated with moderate doses of SO(2), NO(2), and O(3) in open-top chambers. The effects of fumigants on growth and above-ground development were dependent on species. The treatments caused early senescence in several of the species present. The epicuticular waxes were attacked by fumigation, which was shown by higher wettability of the leaf surfaces and by leaching of ions. Interspecific differences were observed in the responses of transpiration and photosynthesis to fumigation. Similar patterns of effects on transpiration and photosynthesis, however, were found in the same species. Carbohydrate metabolism was altered by fumigation, leading to starch accumulation in the leaves. Besides effects on higher plants, fumigations also resulted in alterations of the soil microflora. The bacteria/fungi ratio was depressed at the fumigation plots.     

Measurements of gaseous hydrogen peroxide in southern England during a photochemical episode

Simultaneous measurements of gaseous hydrogen peroxide and ozone made in southern England are reported. The hydrogen peroxide measurements are the first reported for the United Kingdom and show clear diurnal trends and correlate with ozone measurements. Measurements were made during a photochemical episode when a peak hydrogen peroxide concentration of 2.5 microg m(-3) was recorded with a simultaneous peak of 168 microg m(-3) in the ozone concentration. From observations on the rate of decay in the measured concentrations, an evening-time deposition velocity of 0.28 cm s(-1) was derived for hydrogen peroxide.     

The effects of road and bridge construction on the bank-root macrobenthic invertebrates of a Southern Nigerian stream

A comparative study was conducted at three stations on a fourth order Nigerian stream to evaluate the effects of a road and bridge construction on the macrobenthic invertebrates of the bank-root biotope. Siltation and sedimentation appear to be the important factors affecting macroinvertebrates. At station 2, the construction site, there was a considerable reduction in the occurrence and abundance of invertebrate taxa; different groups of invertebrates showed varying responses to perturbational stress; the taxa richness, general diversity and evenness were also low. Irregular fluctuations in diversity and evenness suggested that the benthic community of station 2 was less stable than those of upstream and downstream stations. The concentrated dominance of Ephemeroptera and Coleoptera at station 2, despite low diversity, reflected the ability of a few tolerant taxa to occur there in high abundance. Faunal comparisons of the three stations confirmed the perturbational stress caused by construction activities.     

Acute toxicity of triphenyltin hydroxide to three cladoceran species

The toxicity of an organotin pesticide, triphenyltin hydroxide, was assessed with several freshwater cladoceran species. Daphnia pulex, Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed for 48 h to triphenyltin hydroxide in static acute toxicity tests. Values of the 48-h trimmed Spearman-Karber EC(50)s for the three species were found to be 14.5, 16.5, and 11.3 microg litre(-1), respectively. Analysis of variance performed on EC(50) values of replicates revealed no significant differences between the three species. Methods were employed which decrease animal handling stress and increase the accuracy and precision of the concentrations.     

Selecting ozone exposure statistics for determining crop yield loss from air pollutants

Numerous ozone exposure statistics were calculated using hourly ozone data from crop yield loss experiments previously conducted for alfalfa, fresh market and processing tomatoes, cotton, and dry beans in an ambient ozone gradient near Los Angeles, California. Exposure statistics examined included peak (maximum daily hourly) and mean concentrations above specific threshold levels, and concentrations during specific time periods of the day. Peak and mean statistics weighted for ozone concentration and time period statistics weighted for hour of the day were also determined. Polynomial regression analysis was used to relate each of 163 ozone statistics to crop yield. Performance of the various statistics was rated by comparing residual mean square (RMS) values. The analyses demonstrated that no single statistic was best for all crop species. Ozone statistics with a threshold level performed well for most crops, but optimum threshold level was dependent upon crop species and varied with the particular statistics calculated. The data indicated that daily hours of exposure above a critical high-concentration threshold related well to crop yield for alfalfa, market tomatoes, and dry beans. The best statistic for cotton yield was an average of all daily peak ozone concentrations. Several different types of ozone statistics performed similarly for processing tomatoes. These analyses suggest that several ozone summary statistics should be examined in assessing the relationship of ambient ozone exposure to crop yield. Where no clear statistical preference is indicated among several statistics, those most biologically relevant should be selected.     

Root growth responses of Anagallis arvensis L., primulaceae to air pollution

The root growth response to air pollution in populations of Anagallis arvensis growing about 0.5, 2, 6, 12 and 20 km leeward from a power plant complex varied with the level of pollution, age of the stand and meteorological conditions. The roots were more affected by the pollutants at a young stage and the loss in net primary productivity was proportional to the pollution level. The populations up to 2 km from the source of pollution completed their life cycle quickly. The coal consumption rate at the power plant, relative humidity, wind direction and other environmental factors were found to influence the degree of growth response to air pollution.     

Tree decline in North America

Air-borne, phytotoxic pollutants are known to adversely affect forest tree growth in North America. On a local scale, exposure to high concentrations of toxic gases, such as sulphur dioxide and fluoride, result in foliar injury, branch dieback, reduced radial growth and increased mortality in a variety of tree species. On a regional scale, the photochemical oxidant, ozone, is responsible for growth decline of pollutant-sensitive eastern white pine genotypes in the eastern United States, and of ponderosa and Jeffrey pines in the mountains of southern and central California. The etiology associated with the reported declines of high elevation red spruce in the Appalachian Mountains and of sugar maple in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada is incompletely known at present. A complex of predisposing and inciting factors, including temperature and moisture stress, edaphic conditions, aluminium toxicity, insect depredation, and air-borne pollutants are probably involved in these declines.     

Distribution of metals in grassland soils following surface applications of sewage sludge

In order to decide on a suitable sampling depth for grassland soil treated with sewage sludge and to assess implications for grazing animals, a field trial on two soils was designed to estimate the distribution of metals in grassland soil profiles following surface applications of sludge. Thus the sites represented permanent grassland where no form of cultivation had taken place. Soil cores were taken using specialised equipment to 30 cm depth and divided into seven sections. Movement from the soil surface to a depth of 10 cm was observed for all of the seven metals, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn, but most of the metal (60%-100%, mean 87%) remained in the upper 5 cm of soil. It was concluded that sampling to a depth of 5 or 7.5 cm would be most suitable for monitoring long-term grassland treated with surface applications of sludge.