Fluid Mechanics of Biological Surfaces and their Technological Application

 A survey is given on fluid-dynamic effects caused by the structure and properties of biological surfaces. It is demonstrated that the results of investigations aiming at technological applications can also provide insights into biophysical phenomena. Techniques are described both for reducing wall shear stresses and for controlling boundary-layer separation. (a) Wall shear stress reduction was investigated experimentally for various riblet surfaces including a shark skin replica. The latter consists of 800 plastic model scales with compliant anchoring. Hairy surfaces are also considered, and surfaces in which the no-slip condition is modified. Self-cleaning surfaces such as that of lotus leaves represent an interesting option to avoid fluid-dynamic deterioration by the agglomeration of dirt. An example of technological implementation is discussed for riblets in long-range commercial aircraft. (b) Separation control is also an important issue in biology. After a few brief comments on vortex generators, the mechanism of separation control by bird feathers is described in detail. Self-activated movable flaps (=artificial bird feathers) represent a high-lift system enhancing the maximum lift of airfoils by about 20%. This is achieved without perceivable deleterious effects under cruise conditions. Finally, flight experiments on an aircraft with laminar wing and movable flaps are presented.     

污泥制砖

废水处理厂的污泥带来诸多处置难题。通常,脱水污泥用土地回收或填埋法处置。然而,对于高度都市化的城市来说,因土地有限,采用填埋法处置污泥可能是不合适的焚烧或许是一种较好的处置方法,经焚烧处理后会产生相当多的污泥烟灰,这些烟灰必须用其它方法来处置。本文介绍了用干污泥和污泥烟灰作为制砖材料的研究结果。制砖时,能与粘土相混合的干污泥和污泥烟灰的最大百分数分别为40％和50％,砖的抗压强度从不含污泥时的87.2N/mm~2减少到含干污泥40％时的37.9N/mm~2和含污泥烟灰50％的69.4N/mm~2     

含碳岩层中的金矿化

作者根据苏联国内外不同地区4741件分析样品的资料,计算了包括“普通”粘土质页岩、含金碳质页岩与不含金碳质页岩在内的各种页岩的化学成分。指出,硫化物型金矿化选择性地赋存在SiO_2含量偏低(56.3—59.1％)、K_2O含量偏高(3.0—4.0％)并有同生硫化物(其中包括沉积-热液硫化物)的泥质页岩内。石英型金矿化在各种不同岩石中都有发育,但主要产于SiO_2含量(61.5—80.6％)和Na_2O含量(2.16—3.35％)都偏高的、硫化物原始含量较低的粉砂岩或砂岩中。还指出,容矿岩段产于深断裂交汇处的局部同沉积凹陷内。在成分有利于成矿的岩层或岩系内,矿化受绿片岩变质相岩石的控制,并富集在强片理化和强错动变质带内,这些带中在褶皱构造形成期间溶液与岩石物质发生过持续注入。在褶皱变形条件下,成矿作用是按如下方式进行的:顺层的同生的主要为含金较低的硫化物细脉、浸染体和结核→顺层和顺层交错的含金中等或较富的硫化物团块和石英硫化物团块→整合或交错含金石英脉和细脉。硫化物型金矿石中金的粒度与容矿岩层的区域变质和错动变质程度及所伴生的交代变质程度有直接关系。     

经互会成员国环境本底污染的监测

由于人类的生产活动对环境产生的不良影响,使环境保护问题成为国际合作的重要项目之一。其中具有重要意义的是联合国环境规划署倡仪和支持的多种目的规划项目——“观察地球”的计划,为实现这一计划,组织了全球环境监测系统(GEMS)。环境监测的任务如下: ——观察和评价生物圈的状况; ——从生态角度阐述人为因素对环境的危害形式; ——确定环境容许的生态负荷; ——预测生物环境状况。监测的首要任务之一是观测环境中主要污染物的本底状况,其中包括铅、汞、镉、砷、二氧化硫、硫     

Removal of high concentrated ammonia nitrogen from landfill leachate by landfilled waste layer

IntroductionBiologicalremovalofammonia ,i.e.nitrification denitrificationprocesses,isthemosteffectiveandeconomicmethodfortreatingwastewaterwithhighammonianitrogenconcentration ,suchaslandfillleachate .Buttheleachatefrommaturedlandfillischaracterizedwithlowbiodegradablecarbonconcentration .Sothesupplementaryexternalcarbonsourcehastobeaddedtofacilitatedenitrification .Consequently ,theoperationalcostincreases(Carley ,1991) .Thereisnotonlyabundantorganiccarbon ,butalsoagreatdealofanaerobicandfac…     

Protozoan colonization on artificial substrates in relation to water quality in a tropical Indian harbour

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Mercury consumption and contamination of environment in gold mining in China

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澳大利亚原油对比的研究

<正> 在过去的几年里,计算机化的色谱-质谱已被认为是在原油对比研究中起了重要的作用,尤其重要的是它能够检测出原油或生油岩有机质中的微量生物标志物。在原油对比中,最广泛使用的生物标志物是甾烷和藿烷型的三萜烷等。本报告是用计算机化的色谱-质谱研究澳大利亚几个不同盆地所获得的一系列原油的结果,尤其是关于这些原油中的二环倍半萜类、二萜类以及甾烷和三萜烷的研究结果。     

用红外光谱法研究矿物的流体包体:意义和局限

传统上有两种研究流体包体的方法(Roedder,1971): 1.直接方法:主要是测定均一温度以求得矿物的结晶温度,用微冷冻法以了解晶体生长溶液的盐度,最近又有采用活化分析的(Touray,1976); 2.间接方法:用质谱仪或气相色谱仪分析加热后或真空下爆破所释放出来的气     

副矿物中稀土元素的离子探针测定

<正> 一般的造岩硅酸盐矿物通常含有低含量的REE(大部分低于10ppm),因为相对较大的REE离子与这些矿物的晶体结构是不相容的。火成岩的总REE含量通常在几百ppm的范围内,而副矿物相是这些元素的赋存体。这些副矿物对火成岩和变质岩成岩过程中REE的行为