氮肥和秸秆还田方式对麦玉轮作土壤N2O排放的影响

为探究氮肥和秸秆还田方式对N₂O排放的影响,本研究在关中地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式下,采用双因素裂区设计,主区为常规施氮（G）和减量施氮（70% G）;副区为秸秆不还田（N）、秸秆还田（S）和秸秆还田+生物炭（SB）,分析对N₂O排放和产量的影响及与相关影响因子间的关系.结果表明,小麦季和玉米季各处理在施肥后第5~16d内相继出现N₂O排放高峰,在降雨后也出现N₂O排放峰值.N₂O通量和土壤温度、NH₄⁺-N含量呈显著正相关.在同等施氮水平下,S处理增加了N₂O排放量,SB处理可降低N₂O排放量,S和SB处理均能显著增加作物产量,且SB增产幅度更大;70% G水平的N₂O年排放量较G水平减少了40%~48%,而产量并没有明显减少.综合考虑,在常规施氮基础上减氮30%配合秸秆+生物炭,在保证作物高产的同时,N₂O减排效果最好.     

流态变化对污水管网沉积污染物分布及转化的影响

为探明城市污水汇流管网流速变化对沉积层污染物及生物菌群演替的影响,通过控制污水管道中试系统中干管、支管流速,模拟了不同汇流条件下城市污水管网系统运行状态,探究了不同汇流条件下沉积层碳、氮、硫类污染物的分布特征以及微生物种群结构的分布规律.结果表明,在不同汇流条件下,COD、TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、硫酸盐含量沿沉积层深度方向均逐渐减小,而硫化物含量逐渐升高.当干管、支管流速均增加时,促进了汇流区域不同深度污染物的沉积富集,但由于DO、ORP环境因子的改变,以及流速的增大,将沉积层中原有的碳源基质剥离到污水中,减少了微生物可利用的营养物质,同时造成沉积层内部溶解氧含量的上升,沉积层中产甲烷菌（MA）中优势菌属Methanosaeta、硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）中优势菌属Desulfomicrobium、水解发酵菌（FB）中优势菌属Caldisericum的相对丰度逐渐降低,硫氧化细菌（SOB）中优势菌属Thiobacillus相对丰度增加,显著影响了沉积污染物的转化特性.污水管网汇流区域流态是改变污水水质及管道微生物系统的重要因素.     

改性赤泥催化剂制备及其催化燃烧甲苯性能

以赤泥固废为原料,采用酸溶-碱沉淀耦合焙烧处理方法制备低成本改性赤泥催化材料,通过XRF,BET,H₂-TPR,热重分析,FT-IR等手段进行表征测试分析,结果发现,酸溶-碱沉淀法耦合焙烧改性后的赤泥比表面积较原始赤泥提高了约26倍,较原始赤泥的甲苯催化活性大幅度提高.H₂-TPR结果表明,改性后赤泥的还原峰温度向低温方向移动,还原峰面积增大,说明改性后的赤泥氧化还原能力增强.在反应温度为300℃时,原始赤泥的甲苯转化率仅为11.6%,改性赤泥的甲苯转化率接近100%.甲苯浓度在1000~4000mg/m³条件下浓度升高,催化甲苯活性降低;空速对甲苯催化活性影响较大.对制备的催化剂进行稳定性测试,研究发现催化剂并无失活或恶化迹象,表明催化剂具有较优良的稳定性.     

Watering techniques and zero-valent iron biochar pH effects on As and Cd concentrations in rice rhizosphere soils, tissues and yield

Zero-valent iron amended biochar (ZVIB) has been proposed as a promising material in immobilizing heavy metals in paddy fields. In this study, the impacts of pH of ZVIB (pH 6.3 and pH 9.7) and watering management techniques (watering amount in the order of CON (control, 5/72)>3/72>1–3/72>3/100>1/72, with 5/72, for example, representing irrigation given to 5 cm above soil surface in 72 hr regular interval) on As and Cd bioavailability for rice and its grain yield (Yield_BR) were investigated in a pot experiment. Brown rice As (As_BR) content was irrelative to the watering treatments, while significantly decreased (>50%) with the addition of both ZVIB materials. The diminutions of brown rice Cd (Cd_BR) content as well as the Yield_BR were highly dependent on both the soil amendment materials’ pH and watering amount. Among all the watering treatments, 3/72 treatment (15% less irrigation water than the CON) with ZVIB 6.3 amendment was the optimum fit for simultaneous reduction of As_BR (50%) and Cd_BR contents (19%) as well as for significant increment (12%) of the Yield_BR. Although high pH (9.7) ZVIB application could also efficiently decrease As and Cd contents in brown rice, it might risk grain yield lost if appropriate (e.g. 3/72 in our study) watering management technique was not chosen. Therefore, ZVIB would be an environmentally friendly option as an amendment material with proper selection of watering management technique to utilize As and Cd co-contaminated arable soils safely for paddy cultivation.     

A highly porous animal bone-derived char with a superiority of promoting nZVI for Cr(VI) sequestration in agricultural soils

Paddy soil and irrigation water are commonly contaminated with hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] near urban industrial areas, thereby threatening the safety of agricultural products and human health. In this study, we develop a porous and high specific area bone char (BC) to support nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and apply it to remediate Cr(VI) pollution in water and paddy soil under anaerobic conditions. The batch experiments reveal that BC/nZVI exhibits a higher removal capacity of 516.7 mg/(g?nZVI) for Cr(VI) than nZVI when normalized to the actual nZVI content, which is 2.8 times that of nZVI; moreover, the highest nZVI utilization is the nZVI loading of 15% (BC/nZVI15). The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of BC/nZVI15 decreases with increasing pH (4 – 10). Coexisting ions (phosphate and carbonate) and humic acid can inhibit the removal of Cr(VI) with BC/nZVI15. Additionally, BC exhibits a strong advantage in promoting Cr(VI) removal by nZVI compared to the widely used biochar and activated carbon. Our results demonstrate that reduction and coprecipitation are the dominant Cr(VI) removal mechanisms. Furthermore, BC/nZVI15 shows a significantly higher reduction and removal efficiency as well as a strong anti-interference ability for Cr(VI) in paddy soil, as compared to nZVI. These findings provide a new effective material for remediating Cr(VI) pollution from water and soil.     

低成本大气颗粒物传感器的室外环境性能评测研究

对目前大气环境颗粒物监测中采用的基于光散射法的3种型号传感器进行了评测研究,其中A和B是用于室内环境监测,C用于室外环境监测.对3种型号颗粒物传感器与基于β射线方法的标准仪器MATONE BAM-1020对比,对传感器的变异性、时间序列、传感器与标准仪器的线性相关性、其他因素影响、数据质量五个方面开展了分析.结果表明：各型号颗粒物传感器之间有较强相关性（R²达到了0.95以上）;3种颗粒物传感器与标准仪器测量结果吻合度较高,R²分别为0.58,0.80,0.61,且在整个测试时间段内,传感器相对于标准仪器来说高估了PM_2.5;高的相对湿度（RH>50%）和PM_2.5/PM₁₀（ratio）会对传感器产生影响.A、B、C三种型号传感器PM_2.5数据平均绝对误差（MAE）分别为23.31,10.14,28.17μg/m³;归一化均方根误差（RMSE）分别为25.80,14.01,32.98μg/m³,准确性（A%）分别为51.39%,72.97%,46.51%.     

碳质气溶胶(OC/EC)新型观测方法对比分析

基于热光反射法（IMPROVE A）和热光透射法（RT-Quartz）二种协议分析方法和新型OC/EC分析方法对济南市碳质气溶胶含量进行了对比观测.结果表明,协议方法在OC/EC的观测过程中因分析定义会造成碳质气溶胶质量浓度高估或者低估,且膜采样系统使离线分析的OC约为在线的1.65倍,而新型OC/EC测量方法相对于2种协议方法,去除了原理上和环境参数（如VOCs）可能导致的误差,在OC/EC/TC测量结果上均有一定优势,在实际运行中更具有准确性、稳定性和实用性,更加适合颗粒物中OC/EC长期业务化在线测量.     

酸预处理对整体式催化剂载体性能的影响研究

通过使用不同浓度,不同类型的酸溶液,在不同条件下对堇青石载体进行预处理,考察了酸预处理前后载体本征性能的改变和对甲苯催化性能的影响,测试了其失重率,吸水率,上载率本征性能,并通过XRF,BET,SEM等手段进行表征测试分析.结果发现,通过使用20% HCl对堇青石载体进行加热处理3h,可获得最优性能的堇青石载体.吸水率较处理前可提升48.0%以上,活性组分上载率可达14.5%,皮尔逊检验表明吸水率与上载率存在中度正相关的相关性.通过对甲苯催化活性测试,其结果表明,通过酸预处理,堇青石载体比表面积提升10倍以上,由其制得的整体式催化剂催化降解甲苯的T₁₀和T₉₀分别为142和200℃.     

土壤微生物电化学系统降解四环素的机理

以四环素为研究对象,构建土壤微生物电化学系统（SMES）,避光恒温培养58d后进行采样分析,研究了四环素降解、土壤理化性质、酶活性和三域微生物之间的内在联系,以揭示四环素在SMES中的生物降解机理.结果表明,采用SMES处理后,四环素降解率从52%显著提升至70%.与对照处理相比,脱氢酶活性在SMES中显著提升了144%,且与四环素降解率显著正相关.相比之下,在SMES中多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和漆酶对四环素的降解效果微弱.pH值是影响土壤微生物群落的重要理化因子,且与四环素降解呈负相关关系.Network关联分析显示,真菌在四环素降解中起到关键作用,Geoalkalibacter、Microascus、Wardomyces和Scopulariopsis是四环素的潜在降解菌,其中Microascus和Scopulariopsis是脱氢酶的潜在分泌菌.     

创新集聚空间分布模式对霾污染的影响

为了比较分析创新集聚空间分布单中心与多中心两种模式对霾污染的影响机制,本文构建了省域面板数据模型和中介效应模型进行实证检验.结果表明：创新集聚可通过规模效应降低霾污染;但创新集聚空间分布模式对霾污染的影响具有异质性.其中,单中心模式诱发了霾污染,存在创新集聚环境效应悖论;多中心模式对霾污染具有改善效应;随着创新集聚多中心的提高,其霾污染改善效应增强,但具有边际递减特征;能源利用效率是创新集聚空间分布模式影响霾污染的重要渠道之一.基于此,本文建议省级政府推进空间协同创新发展战略,建构省域多中心的创新网络空间组织体系,以此形成多中心协同治霾机制,破解创新集聚环境效应悖论.