Fecundity of the freshwater fish, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) in natural and heavy metal contaminated water

The knowledge of fecundity of fish from a specific aquatic body is extremely important in the successful management and exploitation of its fishery. In the present investigation the fecundity of the freshwater fish, Notopterus notopterus was studied in fish collected from a natural aquatic body (Sirnoor nala) near Gulbarga and also in fish exposed to some heavy metal contamination (HgCl2, CdCl2 and their combination) at sublethal concentration for 15 days in the laboratory. The mathematical relationship between fecundity and total length, body weight, ovary length and ovary weight were determined in both unexposed and exposed fish. The fish, N. notopterus has bigger oocytes and are few in number. Studies in the fish exposed to heavy metals indicate that significant reduction in these parameters after exposure to heavy metals at sublethal concentration was noticed. The fecundity has straight line relationship with total length, body weight, ovary length and ovary weight in control fish which did not alter after heavy metal exposure. This study provides the viability of species in only specific environment.     

Fecundity of the freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) from three aquatic bodies

The fecundity studies on Channa punctatus revealed that there is a relationship between length of the fish with fecundity, weight of the fish and ovary with fecundity. The length and fecundity exhibit curvilinear relationship and a straight line relationship is observed between fecundity and body weight. Fecundity and ovary weight also exhibited linear relationship. The comparative degree of fecundity of the fish is Jagat tank > Kadaganchi tank > Kagina river. Although fish collected from Jagat tank exhibits higher fecundity, all the other three aquatic bodies provide proper environmental conditions for the growth and reproductive activity of the fish.     

Synthetic fuel for imitation of municipal solid waste in experimental studies of waste incineration

Synthetic fuel is prepared to imitate municipal solid waste (MSW) in experimental studies of incineration processes. The fuel is composed based on the Environmental Protection Agency reports on the materials contained in MSW. Uniform synthetic fuel pellets are prepared using available and inexpensive components including newsprint, hardwood mulch, low density polyethylene, iron, animal feed, sand, and water to imitate paperbound, wood, yard trimming, plastic, metal, food wastes, and other materials in MSW. The synthetic fuel preparation procedure enables one to reproduce and modify the fuel for a wide range of experiments in which the mechanisms of waste incineration are addressed. The fuel is characterized using standard ASTM tests and it is shown that its parameters, such as combustion enthalpy, density, as well as moisture, ash and fixed carbon contents are adequate for the representation of municipal solid waste. In addition, chlorine, nitrogen, and sulfur contents of the fuel are shown to be similar to those of MSW. Experiments are conducted in which the synthetic fuel is used for operation of a pilot-scale incinerator research facility. Steady-state temperature operation regimes are achieved and reproduced in these experiments. Thermodynamic equilibrium flame conditions are computed using an isentropic one-dimensional equilibrium code for a wide range of fuel/air ratios. The molecular species used to represent the fuel composition included cellulose, water, iron, polyethylene, methanamine, and silica. The predicted concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitric oxides, and oxygen in the combustion products are compared with the respective experimental concentrations in the pilot-scale incinerator exhaust.     

Impact of sublethal doses of 2,4-D, simulating drift, on tomato yield

Tomato is considered one of the most sensitive crops regarding 2,4-D drift. In many cases, such susceptibility has led to important restrictions in the use of 2,4-D based products. Field experiments were carried out for two consecutive years in tomato, by applying sublethal doses of 2,4-D (ranging from 0.42 to 13.44 g a.i. ha(-1)) directly to plants, at different stages of growth, as a simulation of eventual drifts to the crop. The range of rates was based on the assumption of a 0.0625-2.0% drift level of a 1 L ha(-1) of the most common formulated herbicides. For this crop, the range of rates between 0.42 and 13.44 g a.i ha(-1) applied at the beginning of flowering caused a linear crop reduction. On the other hand, rates < or = 13.44 g a.i. ha(-1) applied after full development of fourth truss stage or latter had no effect on crop yield or development. For tomato, tolerance to 2,4-D strongly increases with plant age.     

Evaluation of different granulated active carbons for removal of Microcystin-LR from contaminated water

Most frequently encountered freshwater cyanobacterial toxin is Microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Microcystins released from cells into water have been responsible for the death of humans, domestic and wild animals. Removal of microcystin by active carbon has been one of the best methods available so far. This study evaluates three grades of active carbon namely 40, 60 and 80 CTC for their removal efficiency of MC-LR from contaminated water. Kinetics of toxin removal was studied in time course experiments. Protection in mouse model was studied for the samples after the adsorption. Toxin quantitation was done by HPLC method. The MC-LR concentration after 24 hr treatment with 40, 60 and 80 CTC carbons were 4.8, 3.3 and 1.3 microg/ml respectively from an initial concentration of 5.2 microg/ml. Protection in mouse bioassay was seen after 48, 24 and 2 hr of adsorption time respectively for 40, 60 and 80 CTC carbons. 80 CTC carbon was found to be most efficient in removing MC-LR from contaminated water.     

基于模糊综合评判法的区域斜坡稳定性评价——以普格县城某区域为例

斜坡的变形破坏会演变为崩塌落石、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害,潜在威胁极大,一旦忽视将造成不可挽回的生命财产损失。结合高分辨率Worldview2卫星影像,对普格县城某区域内的63个斜坡进行了详细调查;统计分析了斜坡坡度、地层岩性、斜坡结构具有的特征规律;采用模糊综合评判法,分别选取影响岩质和土质斜坡稳定性的9个稳定性评价因子,采用专家咨询法对每个因子分配权重、分级赋值,将斜坡稳定性划分为稳定性好、稳定性较好、稳定性较差、稳定性差4个等级,对63个不稳定斜坡的稳定性进行了评价,并依据评价结果绘制了研究区斜坡稳定性分区图,总结了区域斜坡稳定性分布规律。该评价结果能够及早为地方国土部门、公路管理部门提供判断结果,为山区城镇的发展规划和建设用地提供参考和建议。     

辽东湾地区~(137)Cs大气沉降研究

利用137Cs示踪技术的前提条件是了解137Cs的大气沉降历史,从而准确求算区域环境中137Cs的背景值.本文利用日本秋田、东京及新泻地区137Cs年沉降数据,并结合相应的降水数据进行修正,对辽东湾地区137Cs的大气沉降进行了定量研究.结果表明,辽东湾地区137Cs的大气沉降趋势与北半球基本一致;1957—2008年辽东湾地区137Cs大气总沉降通量的模拟结果为1536 Bq·m-2(衰变校正至2009年),与该地区土壤中137Cs背景值较为接近;20世纪50年代末60年代初频繁的大气核试验和1986年的切尔诺贝利核事故是1963年和1986年两个137Cs沉降峰值产生的原因;1990年以后,沉降在地表的137Cs在风力侵蚀作用下,发生再悬浮,使得大气中137Cs沉降通量再次出现量级变化明显.福岛核事故产生的核素沉降对研究区的137Cs沉降通量的影响并不明显.     

沟床侵蚀主导型泥石流形成机理与成灾特征——以石棉县2013-07-04群发泥石流为例

2013年7月4日18时许,石棉县后沟、熊家沟、马颈子沟3沟同时发生了泥石流。以石棉县2013-07-04群发泥石流为研究对象,通过调查测绘、遥感解译,研究了沟床侵蚀主导型泥石流的形成机理和成灾特征。调查研究表明:小时雨强36.6 mm的暴雨激发了这次群发泥石流,该短历时强降雨可视为是触发这次群发泥石流关键因素;沟床质侵蚀与起动是泥石流最重要的物源,3条沟内约97×104m3沟床堆积物被侵蚀补给泥石流,这次群发泥石流流体粘度高,搬运能力强,下游峰值流量分别达到751.0 m3/s,870.1 m3/s和758.7 m3/s。研究结果对沟床侵蚀主导型泥石流的形成机理和成灾特征的认识及防灾减灾实践具有一定的参考价值。     

浅析耕地质量可持续发展的保护措施

耕地资源是人类不可或缺的宝贵资源,是人类赖以生存的物质基础。但是近年来随着我国工业化进程和城市化进程不断加剧,耕地质量有下降的趋势。传统农业生产中化肥、农药等的滥用不仅造成了能量的浪费,而且导致土壤环境的破坏失衡。本文在分析我国耕地质量下降原因的基础上,总结提出了比较节能高效的耕种模式,进而概括了若干保护维护耕地质量的举措,这些举措都是生态文明的具体化,更加有利于农业产品的清洁生产,进而达到低碳排放的目的。