铅锌冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属污染空间分布特征及风险评估

以焦作某铅锌冶炼厂为例,采用网格布点法在冶炼厂周围64 km2范围内采集表层农田土壤样品135个.在实验室测定了土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni、V、Co)含量,利用Arcgis 10.1进行克里格插值分析研究区域农田土壤中重金属的空间分布特征,并利用富集因子法、潜在生态风险以及健康风险模型对研究区域农田土壤中重金属污染状况及潜在风险进行评价.结果表明,研究区域农田土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn的平均值均高于河南省A层土壤元素背景值,Cd的平均值为国家土壤环境质量二级标准的2.8倍;研究区域内总体污染分布呈西高东低,中部冶炼厂附近为Pb、Cd重度污染区,在3 km范围内距离工厂越近污染越严重.在研究区域内,Cd为重度污染,部分样点Pb、Cu、Zn污染较严重,Cr、Co为轻度污染,Ni和V几乎不受工厂影响.风险评估结果显示,研究区域内Cd存在严重的潜在生态风险和健康风险,Pb、Cu存在较严重潜在生态风险,Cr存在较严重的致癌风险.     

不同类型LDHs覆膜改性人工湿地生物陶粒基质脱氮效果研究

在碱性条件下采用水热-共沉淀法,对二价金属化合物CaCl2、MgCl2、ZnCl2与三价金属化合物FeCl3、AlCl3、CoCl3按两两组合方式生成9种不同类型的LDHs,并分别对人工湿地常用的生物陶粒基质进行覆膜改性;构建模拟基质试验柱,对改性前后的生物陶粒基质进行城市污水的脱氮净化效果研究.结果表明,相对于原始生物陶粒基质,大多数改性基质对CODCr、总氮和氨氮的去除效果均有不同程度的提高,经所有基质处理后的出水中硝态氮浓度均呈上升趋势;Zn2+参与合成的LDHs改性基质对总氮、氨氮有较好的处理效果,其中ZnFe-LDHs和ZnCoLDHs对TN的去除率接近60%,对氨氮的去除率超过92%,这两种改性基质对污水中的氨氮转化为硝态氮具有促进作用.     

Membrane fouling controlled by coagulation/adsorption during direct sewage membrane filtration (DSMF) for organic matter concentration

Unlike the role of the membrane in a membrane bioreactor, which is designed to replace a sediment tank, direct sewage membrane filtration(DSMF), with the goal of concentrating organic matters, is proposed as a pretreatment process in a novel sewage treatment concept. The concept of membrane-based pretreatment is proposed to divide raw sewage into a concentrated part retaining most organics and a filtered part with less pollutant remaining, so that energy recovery and water reuse, respectively, could be realized by post-treatment. A pilot-scale experiment was carried out to verify the feasibility of coagulant/adsorbent addition for membrane fouling control, which has been the main issue during this DSMF process. The results showed that continuous coagulant addition successfully slowed down the increase in filtration resistance, with the resistance maintained below 1.0 × 1013m~(-1) in the first 70 hr before a jump occurred. Furthermore,the adsorbent addition contributed to retarding the occurrence of the filtration resistance jump, achieving simultaneous fouling control and chemical oxygen demand(COD)concentration improvement. The final concentrated COD amounted to 7500 mg/L after 6 days of operation.     

Membrane fouling controlled by coagulation/adsorption during direct sewage membrane filtration (DSMF) for organic matter concentration

Unlike the role of the membrane in a membrane bioreactor, which is designed to replace a sediment tank, direct sewage membrane filtration (DSMF), with the goal of concentrating organic matters, is proposed as a pretreatment process in a novel sewage treatment concept. The concept of membrane-based pretreatment is proposed to divide raw sewage into a concentrated part retaining most organics and a filtered part with less pollutant remaining, so that energy recovery and water reuse, respectively, could be realized by post-treatment. A pilot-scale experiment was carried out to verify the feasibility of coagulant/adsorbent addition for membrane fouling control, which has been the main issue during this DSMF process. The results showed that continuous coagulant addition successfully slowed down the increase in filtration resistance, with the resistance maintained below 1.0 × 10¹³ m^− 1 in the first 70 hr before a jump occurred. Furthermore, the adsorbent addition contributed to retarding the occurrence of the filtration resistance jump, achieving simultaneous fouling control and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration improvement. The final concentrated COD amounted to 7500 mg/L after 6 days of operation.     

喀斯特地区农田土壤重金属污染及其对人体健康的危害

农田土壤重金属污染事件在全国各地频频发生.贵州等喀斯特地区因其特殊的地貌形态、脆弱的生态环境以及不合理的人类活动导致土壤重金属污染严重.本文综述了喀斯特地区农田土壤重金属污染现状,分析了重金属污染对人体健康造成的危害,提出加强立法和执法,强化对各类工矿企业的清洁生产审核力度,以避免和减少污染发生;对重金属污染严重土壤采用生物修复技术等手段来逐步恢复.     

A comprehensive review of heavy metal pollution in the coastal areas of Bangladesh: abundance,bioaccumulation, health implications,and challenges

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The coastal zone of Bangladesh, with a population density of 1278 people per square kilometer, is under serious threat due to heavy metal pollution....     

铅锌矿区废弃地修复客土层的重金属污染特征分析

采集湖南郴州某典型铅锌矿区废弃地植物修复客土层（0~30 cm）及污染土层（30~50 cm）土壤,测定土壤中Cd、Cr、Cr⁶⁺、Cu、Ni、Pb、As和Hg的含量;采用地累积指数法、内梅罗指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对土壤中重金属的含量及污染程度进行定量评价;并通过BCR连续分级提取法分析重金属的形态.结果表明,客土的As含量以及污染土的Pb和As含量均远超出"土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）-GB36600—2018"中第二类用地筛选值.对重金属含量和污染程度的评价结果表明,试验土壤主要以Pb和As污染为主,污染土中Cd、Cu、Pb和As的污染程度均高于客土.土壤中Cd和As的生态风险系数较高,最高分别达到了22.96和568.57.Cd和As是研究区域中土壤重金属潜在生态风险的主要贡献者;BCR结果表明,Cd在客土和污染土中均具有最高的生物有效性,酸可溶态Cd的最高占比达到31.9%.污染土和客土之间的混掺,污染土中活性金属向客土层的迁移以及植物根系分泌物的螯合作用都是导致客土层土壤中重金属总量和生物有效性增加的原因.本研究结果可为铅锌矿区废弃地重金属污染治理提供参考.     

黑碳气溶胶发生器的设计与性能测试

为获得一定尺寸、浓度、流量范围的稳定的黑碳气溶胶用于实验研究,设计了一种基于倒置式共流扩散火焰燃烧的黑碳气溶胶发生器;与文献已有设计相比,本设计改进了流量控制、点火操作,并采用催化氧化器去除有机物.本研究设计的发生器产生的颗粒物总数浓度在3 h内的偏差为8.33%,峰值粒径的浓度偏差小于10%,能够产生稳定的黑碳气溶胶,且产生的黑碳气溶胶粒径主要集中在30~300 nm;当燃烧当量比φ由0.60上升至0.90时,黑碳气溶胶数浓度由1.31×10⁷#·cm^-3增大到8.16×10⁷#·cm^-3,峰值粒径从109.4 nm增大到145.9 nm;黑碳气溶胶尺寸、浓度有较大的变动范围.采用催化氧化器能够有效去除不同黑碳气溶胶浓度范围内的有机物质,获得有机物含量低于3%的黑碳气溶胶,且催化氧化器能在6 L·min^-1流量范围下工作.产生的黑碳气溶胶以链状结构的聚合体为主,分形维数为2.01,该聚合体主要由球型小单体聚集组成,黑碳气溶胶的吸收波长指数为1.04.     

太湖不同水域沉积物甲烷释放潜力及其途径分析

为明确太湖不同湖区CH₄释放特征与释放潜力差异,采用水-气界面甲烷排放通量测定和室内厌氧培养,结合沉积物理化因子对太湖沉积物CH₄释放特征及其释放潜力差异进行研究。结果表明,不同湖区水-气界面CH₄排放通量存在显著差异;不同湖区、不同深度沉积物中CH₄释放潜力也存在明显差异,且CH₄释放潜力与含水率和总有机碳呈正相关,与盐度呈负相关;太湖沉积物产CH₄潜力最大的途径为甲基途径,且主要集中在沉积物10~35cm深度。由此可知,太湖是CH₄排放的净产生源,含水率、有机质和盐度等环境因子的差异以及沉积物深度均会影响沉积物甲烷排放和释放潜力,从而对太湖沉积系统的碳循环以及局部气候变化产生重要影响。     

基于犹豫模糊集的生产安全事故应急预案评估研究

为了全面有效评估企业生产安全事故应急预案,提出了1种基于犹豫模糊集的评估方法。在借鉴相关学者研究成果的基础上,从应急预案的合法性、全面性、科学性、经济性和可操作性等5个维度,构建了生产安全事故应急预案评估指标体系;运用集值迭代法确定各评价指标的权重,并提出基于犹豫模糊集的企业应急预案评估方法;最后进行实例分析。研究结果表明:该方法对评估生产安全事故应急预案具有一定的参考价值。