国家海洋公园生态保护与旅游开发协调发展研究——以大连长山群岛为例

以大连长山群岛为例,选取基于生态承载力测算的数学模型量化区域生态保护与旅游开发状况,在传统模型基础之上提出改进后的计算模型对区域本底生态足迹(BEF)、旅游生态足迹(TEF)、生态承载力(EC)、保护与开发协调度(C)、旅游容量阈值(T)等指标进行定量分析,为区域保护与开发协调发展提供科学依据。经测算,C不断趋向于1,区域生态承载力与生态足迹逐渐接近,应注意控制大连长山群岛开发强度,其中应重点控制区域本底人口与旅游者数量,到2015年应将旅游者人数应控制在263.86万人次以内。     

氢氧化钽对水体中磷酸盐的吸附去除作用

采用氢氧化钽为吸附剂,对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能进行了研究,考察了吸附时间、pH值、磷酸盐的初始浓度、反应温度对吸附量的影响。实验结果表明:pH值越小,氢氧化钽对磷酸盐的吸附量越大,当pH值为2时氢氧化钽对磷酸盐的吸附性能优,并且pH值对磷酸盐的吸附量影响较大;磷酸盐的初始浓度越大,吸附量越大,吸附平衡时间越短;氢氧化钽对磷酸盐的吸附量和吸附速率都随着温度的升高而增加。在25℃、pH=2、初始浓度为200 mg/L、吸附30 min时达到平衡时最大吸附量为76.69 mg/g。吸附后的氢氧化钽红外谱图在1066 cm-1处出现特征峰,该峰恰好是吸附磷酸盐的伸缩振动峰,并且在638 cm-1与670 cm-1之间Ta-O键由于磷酸盐的吸附发生了蓝移。采用6 mol/L的NaOH对吸附了磷酸盐的氢氧化钽进行解吸,当pH=12时解吸率为52.45%。研究结果表明,氢氧化钽能够有效的去除水溶液中磷酸盐的吸附剂。     

云南宁洱6.4级地震灾区范围的快速判断

采用云南175个历史强震的等震线图、云南数字等震线模型和云南1：400万活动断裂资料,对常规正圆法灾区范围量化与数字等震线模型灾区范围量化得到的云南宁洱6．4级地震灾区范围进行了对比,分析了地震等震线长轴方向与活动断裂的关系。结果表明,灾害地震的灾区范围用等震线模型来量化比常规用正圆来量化更加符合地震的客观情况。     

桉树叶水浸出液对2种海洋微藻生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

运用水样叶绿素荧光仪(Water-PAM)研究了桉树叶水浸出液胁迫下湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)和纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)2种海洋微藻叶绿素荧光特性〔包括PS(光系统)Ⅱ的F_v/F₀(潜在活性)、F_v/F_m(最大光能转化效率)、Yield(实际光能转化效率)、ETR(电子传递效率),其中F_m和F₀分别为最大荧光和基础荧光〕的变化,同时监测微藻的生长情况,以研究桉树叶水浸出液对海洋微藻的影响,从而为探讨华南沿海大量种植桉树所造成潜在的海洋生态问题提供一些依据. 结果表明:①低浓度(以φ计,0.4、0.8、1.2mL/L)胁迫在96h内对湛江叉鞭金藻的上述4项荧光参数均无显著影响(P>0.05);高浓度(2.0mL/L)胁迫下,24h时湛江叉鞭金藻的4项荧光参数都处于最低值,48h时处于次低值. 表明高浓度在胁迫早期(48h内)对湛江叉鞭金藻4项荧光参数有抑制作用,而后期(72、96h)这4项荧光参数又恢复到正常水平,抑制作用解除. ②低浓度(0.4、0.8mL/L)胁迫下纤细角毛藻的4项荧光参数在24、48h内均得到促进,而高浓度(2.0mL/L)胁迫下F_v/F_m在24h时为最小值,表现抑制作用;另外3项荧光参数则未受显著影响. 在胁迫后期(72、96h),纤细角毛藻的4项荧光参数均随着胁迫浓度的增大而增加,表现为促进作用. ③就生长情况而言,随着胁迫浓度的增大,2种海洋微藻细胞密度的增长明显变缓. 表明桉树叶水浸出液对2种海洋微藻的生长以及叶绿素荧光特性都有影响,从而将会对整个海洋生态系统产生影响.      

内配燃料垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结无害化处理实验研究

研究了一种垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结无害化处理的工艺,该工艺是将飞灰与不同比例煤粉混合并添加助熔剂进行造粒烧结。通过对试样进行热流和热重测量,分析了飞灰试样在加热过程中热重变化的规律,并利用XRD、扫描电镜、氮吸附分析仪等仪器分析手段对烧结试样的物相、微观形态和孔隙特性等物理化学性质进行了研究。最后采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪对烧结试样重金属浸出性进行了分析。实验结果为飞灰烧结炉的设计和内配燃料烧结工艺运行参数的制定提供了依据。     

Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

黄河河口磷酸盐的缓冲作用探讨

河口区,磷酸盐浓度在很宽的盐度范围变化很小,甚至不变,对此提出悬浮物和沉积物对磷有缓冲作用。我们认为解吸吸附反应是其缓冲机制,从而进行了大量的模拟实验,并加以系统的分析。     

泥石流-堰塞湖灾后应急救援决策研究——以甘肃文县“8·17”泥石流灾害为例

以甘肃文县2020年"8.17"泥石流灾害为例,开展泥石流-堰塞湖灾害灾后应急救援决策研究,探索性将该类灾害前期阶段应急救援决策总结为:灾情盲估预判-先期应急备灾-成因剖析-灾情宏观初判-应急救援决策等。研究结果表明:预判影响人口约10.8万人,预估需求帐篷约2.3万顶、饮用水约240 t/d,文县消防救援大队距离最近,附近有文县第一人民医院等8家医疗防疫力量,石鸡坝初级中学等10所学校可作为临时安置避难场所备选;受影响矿山企业5家,重要水库1座;泥石流淤积物堆积区约7.91×10~4 m~2,堰塞湖面积约1.06 km~2,淹没区约37.4×10~4 m~2,因灾受损民居51处、桥梁3处、电站1处、加油站1处及耕地10处,优选3条灾后救援生命线。     

Investigating the spatial distribution of phototrophic picoplankton in a tropical estuary

We sampled extensively (29 stations) at the Klang estuarine system over a 3-day scientific expedition. We measured physical and chemical variables (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, dissolved inorganic nutrients) and related them to the spatial distribution of phototrophic picoplankton (Ppico). Multivariate analysis of variance of the physicochemical variables showed the heterogeneity of the Klang estuarine system where the stations at each transect were significantly different (Rao’s F _{18, 36}?=?8.401, p?<?0.001). Correlation analyses also showed that variables related to Ppico abundance and growth were mutually exclusive. Distribution of Ppico was best explained by the physical mixing between freshwater and seawater whereas Ppico growth was correlated with temperature.