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101.
Guo Xianwei Su Wanying Li Ning Song Qiuxia Wang Hao Liang Qiwei Li Yaru Lowe Scott Bentley Rachel Zhou Zhen Song Evelyn J. Cheng Ce Zhou Qin Sun Chenyu 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(45):67483-67503
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Amounting epidemiological evidence has shown detrimental effects of heavy metals on a wide range of diseases. However, the effect of heavy metal... 相似文献
102.
Dobson A Lodge D Alder J Cumming GS Keymer J McGlade J Mooney H Rusak JA Sala O Wolters V Wall D Winfree R Xenopoulos MA 《Ecology》2006,87(8):1915-1924
The provisioning of sustaining goods and services that we obtain from natural ecosystems is a strong economic justification for the conservation of biological diversity. Understanding the relationship between these goods and services and changes in the size, arrangement, and quality of natural habitats is a fundamental challenge of natural resource management. In this paper, we describe a new approach to assessing the implications of habitat loss for loss of ecosystem services by examining how the provision of different ecosystem services is dominated by species from different trophic levels. We then develop a mathematical model that illustrates how declines in habitat quality and quantity lead to sequential losses of trophic diversity. The model suggests that declines in the provisioning of services will initially be slow but will then accelerate as species from higher trophic levels are lost at faster rates. Comparison of these patterns with empirical examples of ecosystem collapse (and assembly) suggest similar patterns occur in natural systems impacted by anthropogenic change. In general, ecosystem goods and services provided by species in the upper trophic levels will be lost before those provided by species lower in the food chain. The decrease in terrestrial food chain length predicted by the model parallels that observed in the oceans following overexploitation. The large area requirements of higher trophic levels make them as susceptible to extinction as they are in marine systems where they are systematically exploited. Whereas the traditional species-area curve suggests that 50% of species are driven extinct by an order-of-magnitude decline in habitat abundance, this magnitude of loss may represent the loss of an entire trophic level and all the ecosystem services performed by the species on this trophic level. 相似文献
103.
Over the past ten years, total mercury (THg) levels have been surveyed in Alaskan wildlife and fish as part of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment (AMAP). Beyond these studies there is little historical data on THg levels in important subsistence species for people in Alaska. A survey of THg in caribou hair from archaeological deposits would provide data to develop temporal trends for this region of the Arctic. Caribou hair from a Western Thule settlement beneath the Alaska native village of Deering (ca. AD 1150) show variability in hair THg values, with a mean level (86 ng/g) which is in the range that is observed in modern Rangifer sp. (caribou and reindeer). Hair from House 1 had a THg mean level of 99.6 ng/g and hair from House 2 had a THg mean of 64.2 ng/g. This is the earliest reported record of mercury in caribou associated with human subsistence activities in the western North American Arctic, and is a first step toward compilation of a needed database through which to measure and evaluate exposure to mercury by people who rely heavily on caribou as a food source. We hypothesize that similarity in mercury values in archaeological samples of caribou and in contemporary samples would give an additional perspective on human exposure to mercury through caribou harvest and consumption today. Since this hypothesis will be more useful if evaluated at a regional rather than global scale, further studies will be needed at different archaeological sites across Alaska to determine the generality of this observation in relation to geographic scale. 相似文献
104.
Feeding, metabolism and growth in the Antarctic limpet, Nacella concinna (Strebel 1908) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Post-prandial increases in metabolism, the specific dynamic action of feeding (SDA), were evaluated in the Antarctic limpet
Nacella concinna. O2 consumption rose to a peak value 2.3 times higher than pre-feeding standard metabolic rates. This peak rise is low for marine
ectotherms, but is typical of polar species. There were three peaks in the SDA, the first lasted only for the 1st day, was
caused by handling, and was minor. The second was the major peak. It lasted from post-prandial days 4–9 inclusive, and accounted
for around 70% of the SDA response. The third peak lasted from day 11 to day 15 and accounted for 30% of the total SDA. A
15-day SDA is much longer than values for temperate species, but is again typical for polar marine ectotherms. NH3 excretion declined post-prandially from around 0.4 μmol animal−1 h−1 to values between 0.025 and 0.223 μmol animal−1 h−1 throughout the SDA. The total O2 consumed in the SDA was 90.2 μmol O2, which converts to 44.7 J of energy. This was 45–50% of the energy consumed in the meal (93.5 J). Pre-feeding O:N ratios,
after 26 days without food, were around 1, indicating protein as the sole metabolic substrate prior to initiating the SDA.
After feeding, O:N ratios rose to between 2.5 and 19, indicating significant use of lipid or carbohydrate from the food. Experiments
were conducted in ambient seawater with enhanced levels of Sr (SrCl added at 800 mg kg−1), and limpets were fed microalgal films also grown in enhanced Sr media. Sr incorporated in the shells during the experiment
allowed the measurement of shell increments deposited during the SDA. Between five and eight microgrowth bands were present
in the Sr-enhanced increments, which was similar to the number of days in the second SDA peak. The mean shell increment laid
down was 17.6 μm. Estimating tissue deposition from measured growth increments and published ash-free dry mass (AFDM) to length
relationships produced a value of 0.81 mg AFDM, which converted to 26.4 J of energy, or 25–30% of the energy ingested in the
meal. Estimates of growth increments associated with a single SDA have not previously been possible. Overall energy used in
the SDA and tissue deposition accounted for 75–80% of the energy ingested; the remainder was probably accounted for by unmeasured
costs such as mucus production.
Received: 6 June 2000 / Accepted: 20 September 2000 相似文献
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108.
Patricia L. Jones Rachel A. Page Manfred Hartbauer Bj?rn M. Siemers 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(2):333-340
Eavesdropping on prey communication signals has never before been reported for a Palearctic bat species. In this study, we
investigated whether lesser and greater mouse-eared bats, Myotis blythii oxygnathus and Myotis myotis, find tettigoniid bushcrickets (Tettigoniidae) by eavesdropping on their mate-attraction song. Tettigoniids are known to
be the most important prey item for M. blythii oxygnathus, while carabid beetles and other epigaeic arthropods are the most important prey for its sibling species, M. myotis, in many places in Europe. M. myotis locates walking beetles by listening for their rustling sounds. We compared these two species’ response to four acoustic
prey cues: calling song of two tettigoniid species, the rustling sound made by walking carabid beetles, and a control tone.
Individuals of both bat species attacked the speaker playing tettigoniid song, which clearly indicates that both species eavesdrop
on prey-generated advertisement signals. There were, however, species differences in response. M. blythii oxygnathus exhibited stronger predatory responses to the calling song of two species of tettigoniid than to the beetle rustling sound
or the control. M. myotis, in contrast, exhibited stronger predatory responses to the beetle rustling and to one tettigoniid species but not the other
tettigoniid or the control. Our study (1) for the first time demonstrates eavesdropping on prey communication signals for
Palearctic bats and (2) gives preliminary evidence for sensory niche partitioning between these two sympatric sibling bat
species. 相似文献
109.
Jones R Parsons R Watkinson E Kendell D 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,179(1-4):309-324
Bermuda is a densely populated coral 'atoll' located on a seamount in the mid-Atlantic (Sargasso Sea). There is no national sewerage system and the ~20 × 10(6)?L of sewage generated daily is disposed of via marine outfalls, cess pits/septic tanks underneath houses and through waste disposal (injection) wells. Gastrointestinal (GI) enterococci concentrations were measured in surface seawater samples collected monthly at multiple locations across the island over a 5-year period. According to the EU Bathing Water Directive microbial classification categories, 18 of the sites were in the 'excellent' category, four sites in the 'good', five sites were in the 'sufficient' and three sites in the 'poor' categories. One of the sites in the 'poor' category is beside a popular swimming beach. Between 20-30% of 58 sub tidal sediment samples collected from creeks, coves, bays, harbours and marinas in the Great Sound complex on the western side of Bermuda tested positive for the presence of the human specific bacterial biomarker Bacteroides (using culture-independent PCR-based methods) and for the faecal biomarker coprostanol (5β-cholestan-3-β-ol, which ranged in concentration from <0.05-0.77?mg?kg(?-?1). There was a significant statistical correlation between these two independent techniques for faecal contamination identification. Overall the microbial water quality and sedimentary biomarker surveys suggest sewage contamination in Bermuda was quite low compared with other published studies; nevertheless, several sewage contamination hotpots exist, and these could be attributed to discharge of raw sewage from house boats, from nearby sewage outfalls and leakage from septic tanks/cess pits. 相似文献