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排序方式: 共有232条查询结果,搜索用时 283 毫秒
51.
Suzette D. Tardif Michael Power Olav T. Oftedal Rachel A. Power Donna G. Layne 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2001,51(1):17-25
We examined the relationship between lactation performance and infant growth in a captive population of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) that varied in both maternal and litter size. Though common marmosets display a typical primate pattern of dilute milk and relatively slow infant growth rates (factors associated with low daily lactation investment and minimal maternal size effects), we hypothesized that the marmoset's small body size would make lactation investment more sensitive to maternal size than is true for larger-bodied primates. Smaller mothers rearing twins had lower milk fat, lower gross energy in milk samples collected in mid to late lactation and lower nursing-bout frequencies than did large mothers nursing twins. Lactation performance and maternal behavior did not differ between large and small mothers when rearing singletons, with a single exception: small mothers had a lower gross energy in mid-lactation milk samples. Relative growth rates in twins but not singletons were affected by maternal size, such that small mothers supported more growth per infant when rearing singletons while large mothers supported more growth per infant when rearing twins. Among the larger mothers, only, older mothers supported somewhat, though not significantly, less growth per infant, regardless of litter size. Twin infants of small mothers appeared to respond to below-optimal levels of milk yield by initiating maternal carrying less often. The relative energy intake of mothers was similar regardless of litter or maternal size. Small mothers rearing twins drew more heavily on reserves, reflected in a linear weight loss during lactation; however, the reserves drawn upon were inadequate to meet the lactation demand, resulting in lower milk energy output. In addition, small mothers rearing twins were more likely to be ill and less likely to be fertile in the year following lactation than were large mothers of twins or mothers of any size rearing singletons. 相似文献
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Rachel A. Bouvier 《Local Environment》2015,20(11):1322-1339
Environmental economists have long concerned themselves with the ways in which natural resources and pollution can contribute to (or detract from) human well-being. However, the distribution of economic benefits and costs from environmentally related goods and services has been often overlooked. This article derives a conceptual framework that brings together the literature from the environmental justice movement, work on the so-called resource curse, and institutional environmental economics into a comprehensive whole. The conceptual framework gives rise to several interesting questions that can be used in studying the distribution of environmentally related well-being. 相似文献
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Rachel Allibone Shane J. Cronin Douglas T. Charley Vince E. Neall Robert B. Stewart Clive Oppenheimer 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2012,34(2):155-170
Ambrym in Vanuatu is a persistently degassing island volcano whose inhabitants harvest rainwater for their potable water needs.
The findings from this study indicate that dental fluorosis is prevalent in the population due to fluoride contamination of
rainwater by the volcanic plume. A dental survey was undertaken of 835 children aged 6–18 years using the Dean’s Index of
Fluorosis. Prevalence of dental fluorosis was found to be 96% in the target area of West Ambrym, 71% in North Ambrym, and
61% in Southeast Ambrym. This spatial distribution appears to reflect the prevailing winds and rainfall patterns on the island.
Severe cases were predominantly in West Ambrym, the most arid part of the island, and the most commonly affected by the volcanic
plume. Over 50 km downwind, on a portion of Malakula Island, the dental fluorosis prevalence was 85%, with 36% prevalence
on Tongoa Island, an area rarely affected by volcanic emissions. Drinking water samples from West Ambrym contained fluoride
levels from 0.7 to 9.5 ppm F (average 4.2 ppm F, n = 158) with 99% exceeding the recommended concentration of 1.0 ppm F. The pathway of fluoride-enriched rainwater impacting
upon human health as identified in this study has not previously been recognised in the aetiology of fluorosis. This is an
important consideration for populations in the vicinity of degassing volcanoes, particularly where rainwater comprises the
primary potable water supply for humans or animals. 相似文献
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Conflict on the Coast: Using Geographic Information Systems to Map Potential Environmental Disputes in Matagorda Bay,Texas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Brody SD Highfield W Arlikatti S Bierling DH Ismailova RM Lee L Butzler R 《Environmental management》2004,34(1):11-25
The sustainable management of coastal natural resources inevitably involves identifying stakeholder conflicts and developing planning processes that prevent these conflicts from becoming intractable disputes. This study links environmental conflict to specific areas within a large ecological system. Specifically, we use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map potentially competing stakeholder values associated with establishing protected areas in Matagorda Bay, Texas. By overlaying multiple values associated with a range of stakeholders across space, we are able to identify hotspots of potential conflict as well as areas of opportunity for maximizing joint gains. Mapping stakeholder conflict is an approach to proactively locate potential controversy in response to a specific environmental management proposal and guide decision makers in crafting planning processes that mitigate the possibility of intractable disputes and facilitate the implementation of sustainable coastal policies. Results indicate that under different management scenarios, protected area proposals will generate more conflict in specific areas. Most notably, regulated uses would produce the greatest degree of conflict on or near shore, particularly at the mouth of the Colorado River. Additionally, of all the management scenarios evaluated, the prohibition of coastal structural development would generate the overall highest level of conflict within the Bay. Based on the results, we discuss the policy implications for environmental managers and provide guidance for future research on location-based conflict management within the coastal margin. 相似文献