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41.
Hans W. Hauschild John R. Humm Frank A. Pintar Narayan Yoganandan Bruce Kaufman Matthew R. Maltese 《Traffic injury prevention》2015,16(7):S9-S15
Objective: To evaluate the influence of forward-facing child restraint systems’ (FFCRSs) side impact structure, such as side wings, on the head kinematics and response of a restrained, far- or center-seated 3-year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD) in oblique sled tests.Methods: Sled tests were conducted utilizing an FFCRS with large side wings and with the side wings removed. The CRS were attached via LATCH on 2 different vehicle seat fixtures—a small SUV rear bench seat and minivan rear bucket seat—secured to the sled carriage at 20° from lateral. Four tests were conducted on each vehicle seat fixture, 2 for each FFCRS configuration. A Q3s dummy was positioned in FFCRS according to the CRS owner's manual and FMVSS 213 procedures. The tests were conducted using the proposed FMVSS 213 side impact pulse. Three-dimensional motion cameras collected head excursion data. Relevant data collected during testing included the ATD head excursions, head accelerations, LATCH belt loads, and neck loads.Results: Results indicate that side wings have little influence on head excursions and ATD response. The median lateral head excursion was 435 mm with side wings and 443 mm without side wings. The primary differences in head response were observed between the 2 vehicle seat fixtures due to the vehicle seat head restraint design. The bench seat integrated head restraint forced a tether routing path over the head restraint. Due to the lateral crash forces, the tether moved laterally off the head restraint reducing tension and increasing head excursion (477 mm median). In contrast, when the tether was routed through the bucket seat's adjustable head restraint, it maintained a tight attachment and helped control head excursion (393 mm median).Conclusion: This testing illustrated relevant side impact crash circumstances where side wings do not provide the desired head containment for a 3-year-old ATD seated far-side or center in FFCRS. The head appears to roll out of the FFCRS even in the presence of side wings, which may expose the occupant to potential head impact injuries. We postulate that in a center or far-side seating configuration, the absence of door structure immediately adjacent to the CRS facilitates the rotation and tipping of the FFCRS toward the impact side and the roll-out of the head around the side wing structure. Results suggest that other prevention measures, in the form of alternative side impact structure design, FFCRS vehicle attachment, or shared protection between the FFCRS and the vehicle, may be necessary to protect children in oblique side impact crashes. 相似文献
42.
Mark Begonia John Humm Alok Shah Frank A. Pintar Narayan Yoganandan 《Traffic injury prevention》2018,19(8):S159-S161
ABSTRACTObjective: This study analyzed the influence of reference sensor inputs from anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) versus postmortem human subjects (PMHSs) on simulations of frontal blunt impacts to the advanced combat helmet (ACH).Methods: A rigid-arm pendulum was used to generate frontal impacts to ACHs mounted on ATDs and PMHS. An appropriately sized ACH was selected according to standard fitting guidelines. The National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) head was selected for ATD tests due to shape features that enabled a realistic helmet fit. A custom procedure was used to mount a reference sensor internally near the center of gravity (CG) of the PMHS. Reference sensor data from the head CG were used as inputs for the Simulated Injury Monitor (SIMon). Brain responses were assessed with the cumulative strain damage measure set at 10%, or CSDM(10).Results: Compared to ATD tests, PMHS tests produced 18.7% higher peak linear accelerations and 5.2% higher peak angular velocities. Average times to peak for linear accelerations were relatively similar between ATDs (5.5?ms) and PMHSs (5.8?ms). However, times to peak for angular velocities were higher by a factor of up to 3.4 for PMHSs compared to ATDs. Values for were also higher by a factor of up to 13.1 when PMHS inputs were used for SIMon.Conclusions: The preliminary findings of this work indicate that small differences in ATD versus PMHS head kinematics could lead to large differences in strain-derived brain injury metrics such as CSDM. 相似文献
43.
Vikas Eknath Mahajan Raju Ravindra Yadav Narayan Purushottam Dakshinkar Vinod Madanlal Dhoot Gautam Ramkrishna Bhojane Madhura Kiran Naik Preeti Shrivastava Pravin Krishnarao Naoghare Kannan Krishnamurthi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(12):7365-7372
Cattle grazing nearby coal-fired power stations are exposed to fly ash. The present investigation aims to assess the environmental and health impacts of fly ash containing mercury emitted from thermal power plant. The health effect of fly ash were studied using 20 lactating cattle reared within a 5-km radius of s thermal power plant for the possible effect of fly ash such as the alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters of blood, milk, and urine. Results indicated that the hemoglobin levels (6.65?±?0.40?g/dl) were significantly reduced in all the exposed animals. Biochemical parameters viz., blood urea nitrogen (27.35?±?1.19?mg/dl), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (43.39?±?3.08?IU/l), albumin, and creatinine were found to be increased, whereas serum glutamate pyruvic transaminase (29.26?±?2.02) and Ca2+ were observed to be statistically insignificant in exposed animals. Mercury concentrations estimated in the blood, milk, and urine of exposed (n?=?20) and control (n?=?20) animals were 7.41?±?0.86, 4.75?±?0.57, 2.08?±?0.18, and 1.05?±?0.07, 0.54?±?0.03, 0.20?±?0.02?μg/kg, respectively. The significant increase (P?<?0.01) in the levels of mercury in blood, milk, and urine of exposed animals in comparison to control indicated that the alterations of biochemical parameters in exposed cattle could be due to their long term exposure to fly ash mercury which may have direct or indirect impact on human populations via food chain. 相似文献
44.
Thermoplasticization of High Amylose Starch by Chemical Modification Using Reactive Extrusion 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jacqueline Stagner Vanessa Dias Alves Ramani Narayan Adelaide Beleia 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2011,19(3):589-597
Modified thermoplastic high amylose starch (MTPS) was synthesized by reactive extrusion in the presence of maleic anhydride
(MA) as an esterification agent in a twin-screw extruder. The objective of this work was the preparation of reactive thermoplastic
starch in the presence of glycerol and with different amounts of maleic anhydride (MA) and free-radical initiator, in order
to improve processability and reactivity. The concentration of MA added varied from 2 to 6 wt% (of starch + glycerol), and
the free-radical initiator, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, also called Luperox 101, varied from 0.1 to 0.5
wt% (of starch + glycerol). Characterization of maleated thermoplastic starch was performed using dynamic light scattering
and thermal analysis. Further, proof of chemically modified extrudate was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
and by soxhlet extraction with acetone. The modified high amylose corn starch (20 or 30% glycerol) could be pelletized and
gave pellets that were more transparent than thermoplastic starches not modified with maleic anhydride. There was negligible
change in hydrodynamic radius as the percentage of maleic anhydride increased. However, as the percentage of Luperox 101 increased,
the hydrodynamic radius decreased. It could be inferred that the molecular weight decreased as the percentage of free-radical
initiator increased. Using the maximum temperature in the extrusion process of 165 °C instead of 135 °C caused a decrease
in the hydrodynamic radius, due to the high influence of the temperature profile on the molecular weight of the thermoplastic
starch. The MTPS samples presented higher melting temperatures compared to TPS samples. The soxhlet studies indicated that
the plasticizer, glycerol, was chemically linked to the starch. Using the maximum temperature of 165 °C versus 135 °C in the
extrusion temperature profile resulted in more interaction between glycerol and starch. 相似文献
45.
Industrial use of organotins such as butyltins and phenyltins has increased several folds during the last two decades. Butyltins and phenyltins are synthetic, multipurpose chemicals, which have been extensively used in marine antifouling paints. They have been known to be extremely poisonous to mollusc fishery resources (oysters, clams, etc.). Contamination of Zuari estuary sediments was assessed by quantitative determination of butyltins and phenyltins by using GC-MS using the electron ionization mode. Butyltins predominated in the whole area over phenyltins. Butyltins contributed about 70-90% of the organotins in general. The concentration of butyltins in sediments ranged from 20 to 7621 ng Sn/g. The concentration of phenyltins in sediments ranged from 0 to 46 ng Sn/g. Degradation indices for butyltins and phenyltins were calculated. The Butyltin degradation index (BDI) for the Zuari sediments ranged from 0 to 2.7 indicating a lot of fresh input of butyltins in the estuary and a lower degradation rate. The phenyltin degradation index (PhDI) ranged from 1 to 10 implying that different processes were prevalent at different stations. The observed organotin levels in the Zuari estuary indicate some highly localized areas of contamination which are severe enough to cause harmful effects on marine flora and fauna. Therefore, there is a need to regulate the use of butyltins and phenyltins as biocides in marine antifouling paints. 相似文献
46.
Narayan Gaonkar R. G. Vaidya 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(10):9260-9264
A simple method to estimate the density of biodiesel blend as simultaneous function of temperature and volume percent of biodiesel is proposed. Employing the Kay’s mixing rule, we developed a model and investigated theoretically the density of different vegetable oil biodiesel blends as a simultaneous function of temperature and volume percent of biodiesel. Key advantage of the proposed model is that it requires only a single set of density values of components of biodiesel blends at any two different temperatures. We notice that the density of blend linearly decreases with increase in temperature and increases with increase in volume percent of the biodiesel. The lower values of standard estimate of error (SEE?=?0.0003–0.0022) and absolute average deviation (AAD?=?0.03–0.15 %) obtained using the proposed model indicate the predictive capability. The predicted values found good agreement with the recent available experimental data. 相似文献
47.
Pal Swades Mahato Susanta Giri Biplab Pandey Deep Narayan Joshi Pawan Kumar 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2021,23(11):15986-16014
Environment, Development and Sustainability - Recorded seasonal variation and uneven distribution of rainfall is one of the major issues to the agrarian society and the domestic water users today.... 相似文献
48.
Sekaran G Ramani K Ganesh Kumar A Ravindran B John Kennedy L Gnanamani A 《Journal of environmental management》2007,84(2):123-133
Domestic wastewater contains a considerable amount of pathogenic organisms besides non-biodegradable organics. The conventional technologies followed for the treatment of domestic wastewater are less efficient in removing pathogenic organisms despite substantial removal of dissolved organics. The focal theme of the present investigation was to use a chemo-autotrophic activated carbon oxidation (CAACO) system, an immobilized cell reactor using chemoautotrophs (Bacillus sp.) for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The oxidation of organics and Escherichia coli in wastewater is controlled by the parameters space time, O(2)/COD, bed height and cod loading. The scheme comprised of anaerobic treatment, sand filtration and CAACO treatment removed BOD. COD, Total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved protein, total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN) and bacterial count (most probable number (MPN)) by 81%, 92%, 84%, 94%, 93% and 99.9997%, respectively. The low concentration of E. coli in the CAACO-treated wastewater was completely eliminated through UV irradiation in 3 min at 254 nm. 相似文献
49.
Satya Narayan H. M. Dani U. K. Misra 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):259-272
Abstract The effect of intracheally administered DDT (5 mg/100 g body weight) or endosulfan (1 mg/100 g body weight) for three cosecutive days have been studied on lipid metabolism of rat lung subcellular fractions. Both the insecticides did not affect the lung weight and the protein contents of microsomes, lamellar bodies and surfactant but significantly increased the phospholipid contents of microsomal and surfactant system. Most of the neutral lipid components of lung subcellular fractions were also increased by DDT or endosulfan treatments, except that of surfactant triglycerides which were decreased by DDT treatment. DDT or endosulfan both increased the incorporation of radioactive [methyl‐3H]choline into microsomal phosphatidylcholine (PC) and surfactant dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) without affecting the incorporation of radioactive [methyl‐14C]methionine, showing the increased synthesis of PC via CDPcholine pathway. The results presented in this communication showed that DDT and endosulfan, the two different chloroinsecticides have similar effects on microsomal lipid metabolism but produce different biochemical manifestations on the secretion of surfactant phospholipids. 相似文献
50.
G. Sekaran S. Karthikeyan K. Ramani B. Ravindran A. Gnanamani A. B. Mandal 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2011,9(4):499-504
This is the first report on the heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved organics in wastewater with little consumption of Fenton’s
reagent and without sludge production. The salt-laden wastewater discharged from leather industry has poor biodegradability
due to the presence of high total dissolved solids. This wastewater is evaporated in solar evaporation pans. The evaporated
residue faces disposal problem due to high concentration of organic and inorganic salts. The present study demonstrates the
preparation, characterization and application of mesoporous activated carbon matrix along with Fenton’s reagent for the removal
of dissolved organics in wastewater. Free electron-rich mesoporous activated carbon matrices (MAC700, MAC800 and MAC900) were prepared and characterized for surface area, C, H, N, ash content, free electron density and energy gap value. Results
show that heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of dissolved organics in the wastewater decreased biochemical oxygen demand, chemical
oxygen demand, total organic carbon and dissolved protein, respectively, by 74, 69, 61 and 80% at optimum pH (3.5), H2O2 (7.5 mmol/l), FeSO4.7H2O (0.3 mmol/l) and MAC800 (10 g/l). 相似文献