Towards a cleaner production in developing countries: a case study in a Chilean tannery.

A Chilean leather tanning industry (tannery) was studied in terms of input/output (I/O) analysis of beamhouse, tanyard and retanning processes. The physical-chemical characterization of 19 streams were investigated. Streams from the beamhouse process and some streams from the retanning process were found to have high organic contents ranging from 2.5 to 18.1 g COD L(-1). The pH ranged between 3.45 and 12.28. Sulphur was found in most of the streams whereas chromium was detected in two wastewaters from the tanyard and in seven streams from the retanning process. Pollution prevention opportunities were evaluated and an appropriate treatment strategy was proposed. The main emphasis was on determining waste reduction measures that can be easily implemented and are not particularly expensive. Measures for reduction at source were proposed to reduce water and chemicals consumption and wastewater pollution. A so-called S(index) strategy was used to evaluate proposals on segregation and specific treatment of the main chromium- and sulphur-containing wastewaters. It was suggested that some streams may be re-used, but it is necessary to apply anaerobic or aerobic treatment first, depending on their organic load. Solid wastes were also evaluated and a proposal for their reduction and disposal was made.     

长江经济带矿山土壤重金属污染及健康风险评价

研究长江经济带矿山土壤重金属污染状况,是推动长江经济带矿山生态修复和绿色矿山建设的重要前提.通过搜集2006～2020年间长江经济带矿山土壤重金属污染相关研究,并对搜集文献采样数据运用地累积指数法、克里金插值法和健康风险评价法对重金属的污染状况、分布规律和健康风险进行研究.结果表明,长江经济带矿山土壤中Pb、 Cd、 Cr、 Hg、 As、 Zn、 Ni和Cu含量平均值超我国长江经济带土壤背景值,Cd和Hg累积程度显著;污染评价结果显示8种重金属污染程度大小为：Cd>Hg>Pb>Zn>Cu>As>Ni>Cr, Cd和Hg污染程度最高,存在超60%的样本点处于中污染以上;污染评价显示锡矿和铅锌矿土壤污染较其他矿种明显突出;健康风险评估显示经口摄入为非致癌和致癌风险的主要摄入途径,总非致癌和致癌风险指数均处于不可接受范围内,且长江经济带中上游各省市矿山土壤的非致癌和致癌风险明显高于下游.     

受限空间烟气运动的盐水模拟实验初探

考虑到盐水在清水中扩散过程与烟气在受限空间内运动的相似性，本文用实验的方法，初步探讨了用盐水的扩散来模拟烟气在建筑物（单室）内运动的可行性。并对烟羽流主轴线速度和顶篷水平分层烟气流厚度的生长规律进行了测量。本文所得结果基本合理，正确，对建筑火灾烟气控制和人员疏散有参考作用．     

基于决策树的区域地块风险管控模式预测

针对传统地块风险管控模式确定存在效率低、成本高、缺乏系统性的缺陷,通过构建区域地块风险管控模式决策的特征数据集,并采用卡方自动交叉检验（CHAID）、穷举卡方自动交叉检验（E-CHAID）、分类与回归树（CART）3种决策树（DT）,探索不同DT算法应用于区域地块风险管控模式预测的可行性.结果表明,DT应用于区域地块风险管控模式预测是可行的.CART-DT在准确率（ACC）、精度（PRE）、召回率（REC）、F₁值方面的性能均显著优于CHAID-DT和E-CHAID-DT.CART的总体优化算法可能更适合区域地块风险管控模式的预测.区域保护目标（RPG）、区域污染物类型（RPT）、区域企业平均生产年限（RAPP）3项输入变量对CART-DT输出的重要性非常高;区域年平均风速（RAAWS）、区域地形地貌（RT）、区域土地增值潜力（RLVP）等11项输入变量对CART-DT输出的重要性较高;区域人口密度（RPD）、区域主导行业风险（RDIS）等6项输入变量对CART-DT的输出也有一定贡献.     

荞麦皮生物炭对奥硝唑的吸附研究

以农林废弃物荞麦皮为原料制备生物炭（BBC）,采用XRD、Raman、N₂吸附/脱附、FTIR和XPS方法对BBC进行表征,研究其对奥硝唑（Ornidazole,ONZ）的吸附性能及机理.结果表明,热解温度在400~800 ℃, BBC的得炭率为24.5%~34%;温度升高,BBC的芳香性和稳定性增加（H/C由0.047降低至0.013）,比表面积和孔容升高,对ONZ的吸附率增加.采用不同动力学和吸附等温线模型对不同热解温度BBC吸附ONZ的过程进行模拟,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温线模型,表明BBC对ONZ的吸附为单层吸附.其中热解温度为800 ℃时的BBC（BBC-800）对ONZ的吸附效果最好,最大吸附量达到27.12 mg?g^-1.初始pH为3.02~11.03,对BBC-800吸附ONZ的影响不大;共存离子（Na⁺、NH₄⁺、CO₃^2-、HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-）对吸附过程有一定促进作用; 腐殖酸（HA）抑制吸附效果, 5.0 g?L^-1时ONZ的吸附率由97.15%下降至56.86%. FTIR、N₂吸附/脱附和XPS分析结果表明, BBC-800对ONZ的吸附机制主要包括孔隙扩散,生物炭表面与ONZ分子间的氢键、π-π和p-π共轭作用. BBC-800能够有效去除实际水体（污水厂二沉池出水、湖水）中ONZ的残留. 吸附-解吸3次循环实验表明,BBC-800仍具有较好的吸附性能, 对ONZ的吸附容量为14.10 mg?g^-1. 研究结果对荞麦皮的资源化及奥硝唑类药物的有效去除具有重要参考价值.     

Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid from different sources on Hg methylation in soil and accumulation in rice

Humus is often used as an organic modifier to reduce the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants, but the effects of different humus components from different sources on the fate of mercury (Hg) in paddy fields are still unclear. Here, fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) extracted from composted straw (CS), composted cow dung (CCD), peat soil (PM) and lignite coal (LC) were used to understand their effects on the methylation and bioaccumulation of Hg in paddy soil by pot experiments. Amendments of both FA and HA largely increased the abundance of Hg-methylating microbes and low-molecular-weight organic matters (e.g, cysteine) in paddy soil. They were also found to change the aromaticity, molecular size and Chromophoric DOM concentration of DOM, and resulted in heterogeneous effects on migration and transformation of Hg. All the FA-amended treatments increased the mobility and methylation of Hg in soil and its absorption in roots. Nevertheless, FA from different sources have heterogeneous effects on transport of Hg between rice tissues. FA-CCD and FA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg from roots to rice grains by 32.95% and 41.12%, while FA-CS and FA-LC significantly inhibited the translocation of inorganic Hg (IHg) by 52.65% and 66.06% and of MeHg by 46.65% and 36.23%, respectively. In contrast, all HA-amended treatments reduced the mobility of soil Hg, but promoted Hg methylation in soil. Among which, HA-CCD and HA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg in rice tissues by 88.95% and 64.10%, while its accumulation in rice grains by 28.43% and 28.69%, respectively. In general, the application of some FA and HA as organic modifiers to reduce Hg bioaccumulation in rice is not feasible.     

福州市区街道灰尘中多环芳烃的质量分数及其来源

采用超高效液相色谱系统(UPLC)荧光检测器法,测定了福州市区14条主要街道灰尘样品中属美国环境保护署(US EPA)优控的15种多环芳烃(PAHs)的质量分数,对其毒性进行了评估,并通过聚类分析、因子分析/多元线性回归等方法,分析了灰尘中PAHs的来源. 结果表明:福州市区的w(PAHs)为1 029.5～5 182.0 μg/kg,平均值为2 884.7 μg/kg,在国内外城市中处于中等含量水平. 14个街道灰尘样品中有5个样品的w(PAHs)超过毒性效应区间低值(ERL),具有潜在的生态风险. 聚类分析发现,4号,5号,7号和12号采样点分别具有高比例的w(菲),w(苯并［b］荧蒽),w(荧蒽)和w(萘)的特殊来源.对样品中PAHs的来源解析显示,燃烧源占78%,石油泄漏源占22%.      

珠江主干和东江河流表层沉积物中有机磷酸酯阻燃剂/增塑剂分布

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂/增塑剂(organophosphate esters,OPs)用量大、环境分布广泛、毒理效应显著,已成为环境领域关注热点。采用超声辅助提取结合固相萃取技术和气相色谱-质谱分析,研究珠江主干和东江河流表层样品中7种常见OPs含量水平与分布特征。结果表明,研究区域沉积物中OPs分布广泛,珠江主干∑7OPs范围为78.9~577 ng·g~(-1),主要污染物为磷酸三(丁氧基乙基)酯(TBEP),其次为磷酸三丁酯(TBP)和磷酸三(2-氯)乙酯(TCEP),均值分别为84.6 ng·g~(-1)、55.6 ng·g~(-1)和27.8 ng·g~(-1);东江河段沉积物中∑7OPs含量范围为24.0~293 ng·g~(-1),以磷酸三甲苯酯(TTP)、磷酸三苯酯(TPh P)和TBEP为主要污染物,平均浓度分别为55.6 ng·g~(-1)、32.7 ng·g~(-1)和17.5 ng·g~(-1)。以上结果揭示了珠江和东江沉积物中有机磷阻燃剂/增塑剂的浓度和分布是明显不同的,可能与不同来源的点源排放有关。     

Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Microcystins, which represents one kind of cancerogenic organic compounds, is abundant in eutrophication water. The effects of reaction factors on chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) for removal of low-concentration Microcystin-LR, Microcystin-RR, and Microcystin-YR in water as well as the reaction mechanisms was investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR could be efficiently decomposed by ClO₂. The degradation efficiency was shown positively correlated to the concentration of ClO₂ and reaction time; while the effect of reaction temperature and pH is slight. The kinetic constants and activation energies of the reaction of MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR with ClO₂ are determined as 459.89, 583.15, 488.43 L·(mol·min)^-1 and 64.78, 53.01, 59.15 kJ·mol^-1, respectively. As indicated by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation should be accomplished via destruction of Adda group by oxidation, with the formation of dihydroxy substituendums as end products. This study has provided a fundamental demonstration of ClO₂ serving as oxidizing disinfectant to eliminate microcystins from raw water source.