臭氧氧化—生物活性炭滤池深度处理制革废水二级出水

采用臭氧氧化—生物活性炭滤池组合工艺深度处理制革厂的生化出水.在臭氧加入量为25 mg/L,氧化时间为25min、生物活性炭滤池HRT为lh的条件下,处理后废水平均COD为51mg/L,平均TOC为15.1mg/L,平均UV254(波长254 nm处单位比色皿光程下的吸光度)为0.12,平均氨氮质量浓度为0.51 mg/L,出水水质达到GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的一级B排放标准.     

Sources and transformations of nitrogen compounds along the Lower Jordan River

The Lower Jordan River is located in the semiarid area of the Jordan Valley, along the border between Israel and Jordan. The implementation of the water sections of the peace treaty between Israel and Jordan and the countries' commitment to improve the ecological sustainability of the river system require a better understanding of the riverine environment. This paper investigates the sources and transformations of nitrogen compounds in the Lower Jordan River by applying a combination of physical, chemical, isotopic, and mathematical techniques. The source waters of the Lower Jordan River contain sewage, which contributes high ammonium loads to the river. Ammonium concentrations decrease from 20 to 0-5 mg N L(-1) along the first 20 km of the Lower Jordan River, while nitrate concentrations increase from nearly zero to 10-15 mg N L(-1), and delta(15)N (NO(3)) values increase from less than 5 per thousand to 15-20 per thousand. Our data analysis indicates that intensive nitrification occurs along the river, between 5 and 12 km from the Sea of Galilee, while further downstream nitrate concentration increases mostly due to an external subsurface water source that enters the river.     

Quantifying ground water inputs along the Lower Jordan River

The flow rate of the Lower Jordan River has changed dramatically during the second half of the 20th century. The diversion of its major natural sources reduced its flow rate and led to drying events during the drought years of 2000 and 2001. Under these conditions of low flow rates, the potential influence of external sources on the river discharge and chemical composition became significant. Our measurements show that the concentrations of chloride, calcium, and sodium in the river water decrease along the first 20-km section, while sulfate and magnesium concentrations increase. These variations were addressed by a recent geochemical study, suggesting that ground water inflow plays a major role. To further examine the role of ground water, we applied mass-balance calculations, using detailed flow rate measurements, water samplings, and chemical analyses along the northern (upstream) part of the river. Our flow-rate measurements showed that the river base-flow during 2000 and 2001 was 500 to 1100 L s(-1), which is about 40 times lower than the historical flow rates. Our measurements and calculations indicate that ground water input was 20 to 80% of the river water flow, and 20 to 50% of its solute mass flow. This study independently identifies the composition of possible end-members. These end-members contain high sulfate concentration and have similar chemical characteristics as were found in agricultural drains and in the "saline" Yarmouk River. Future regional development plans that include the river flow rate and chemistry should consider the interactions between the river and its shallow ground water system.     

超狭长两端封闭空间烟气运动工程分析方法的初步研究

以CFAST4.02为模拟工具,发展了一种子空间划分的工程分析方法,来研究超狭长两端封闭空间内的烟气运动情况,还通过一个典型的算例来说明这种方法的有效性;为今后对类似空间的烟气运动工程分析提供了一定的思路和方法。     

大空间火灾实验中温度测量的误差分析

在大空间火灾实验中，由于测温系统的庞大和复杂，导致影响温度测量的误差因素增多。该文主要从热电偶测温误差理论分析入手，讨论全尺寸火灾实验温度测量误差的因素和大小，阐述了大空间烟气温度测量的误差引入方式和减少误差的措施，并对一组大空间内火灾机械排烟实验的温度数据进行了误差分析。     

高层建筑火灾避难区烟控设计的几个问题

高层建筑发生火灾后，保护人员的安全是个十分重要的问题。把楼内的一定区域设计为避难区或安全区，并对该区进行正压送凤，可以防止火灾烟气进入，从而使人们免受烟气的影响。本文讨论了避难区内外压差的计算方法，指出此压差取在２５－８５Ｐａ范围内为宜，分析了外界风速、建筑物的窗户破裂及门的开启或关闭对压差产生的影响，并对间接加压方案作了探讨．     

建筑火灾中烟气蔓延过程的动态显示

火灾烟气对人们的危害很大，了解烟气的蔓延特点有助于采取合理的烟控措施及减少火灾损失。本文讨论了建筑火灾中烟气的蔓延过程及其在计算机上实现动态显示的原理和方法。以某十一层的建筑为对象，用火灾烟气蔓延的区域模拟程序和专家系统程序分别进行了分析计算，并按烟气在某一层内的蔓延和在整个楼内（多层）蔓延两种情况分别编制了若干显示算例。文中还对实现烟气蔓延的动态显示需注意的问题作了讨论。     

隧道火灾纵向通风下羽流触顶区温度变化研究

根据Boussinesq相似性,利用流体力学基本方程,建立隧道火灾羽流三维模型,并借助量纲分析方法,推导了触顶区温升公式.在假设的隧道模型下,通过改变火源功率和纵向风速设计了多个算例,利用温升公式进行计算,并与场模拟结果比较,归纳了触顶区温度的变化规律.结果表明,同一火源功率下,触顶区温度随纵向风速增加而降低,并趋于一稳定值,其大小约为最高温度的1/3.还对温降过程中的突变现象进行了分析,讨论了中心低温区及不同羽流对温度的影响.最后对火灾救援的通风策略提出了建议.     

Efficient degradation of lube off by a mixed bacterial consortium

A laboratory study was performed to assess the biodegradation of lube oil in bio-reactor with 304# stainless steel as a biofilm carrier.Among 164 oil degrading bacterial cultures isolated from oil contaminated soil samples, Commaonas acidovorans Pxl, Bacillus sp.Px2, Pseudomonas sp. Px3 were selected to prepare a mixed consortium for the study based on the efficiency of lube oil utilization.The percentage of oil degraded by the mixed bacterial consortium decreased slightly from 99% to 97.2% as the concentration of lube oil was increased from 2000 to 10,000 mg/L. The degradation of TDOC (total dissolved organic carbon) showed a similar tendency compared with lube oil removal, which indicated that the intermediates in degradation process hardly accumulated. Selected mixed bacterial consortium showed their edge compared to activated sludge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos showed that biofilms on stainless steel were robust and with a dimensional framework constructed by EPS (extracellular polymeric substances),which could promote the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. The increase of biofilm followed first-order kinetics with rate of 0.216 μg glucose/(cm~2·day) in logarithm phase. With analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with removal of lube oil and TDOC, mixed bacterial consortium could degrade benzene and its derivatives, aromatic ring organic matters with a percentage over 97%.     

景观生态评价法在规划环评中的应用

介绍了景观生态评价法的基本原理,即依据景观生态学理论,通过建立栖息地预测模型来评估规划可能造成的生态影响,提出了应用该方法的基本程序。以南京沿江化工开发规划为例,以鲤鱼作为指示生物,苯酚作为栖息地限制因子,评估了南京沿江化工开发3种规划方案对水生生态环境可能造成的影响,并根据评价结果提出了区域优化开发的建议。