超声/过一硫酸盐氧化泛影酸钠的效果和中间产物毒性

采用超声（Ultrasound,US）催化过硫酸氢钾（Potassium peroxymonosulfate,PMS）对离子型碘代X射线造影剂-泛影酸钠（Sodium diatrizoate,DTZ）进行氧化降解,考察反应温度、初始pH的影响,分析US/PMS氧化DTZ过程中的主要活性物质和中间产物,并采用毒理基因组学评估DTZ氧化过程中的毒性变化.结果表明,US/PMS对DTZ具有显著的氧化效果,与单独US、PMS相比,反应60 min,降解效率分别提高了18.5和1.6倍.DTZ的降解率随温度（15~45℃）的升高而升高,降解过程遵循准一级反应动力学,反应活化能E_a=21.98 kJ·mol^-1;pH=3.21和9.16~11.05时,DTZ的降解率较高.自由基抑制结果和EPR分析表明,O₂^-·和¹O₂是US/PMS氧化DTZ的主要活性物质.反应过程中IO₃^-和I₂的生成量随DTZ降解率升高而增大.HPLC/MS/MS共检测出10种产物,其中3种为脱碘产物.基因毒理组学分析表明,DTZ毒性随反应的进行逐渐增强.     

海河冬季溶解氧升高原因分析

分析了近两年来海河三岔口断面的水质状况;介绍了地表水中溶解氧的一般变化规律,分析了海河三岔口段溶解氧一年中的变化趋势,特别是在冬季溶解氧偏高的原因。     

不同植物人工湿地对污水的净化效果

通过对栽种芦苇(Phragmites australis)、香蒲(Typha latifolia)和菖蒲(Acorus calamus)3种植物的潜流人工湿地进行试验研究,分析3种植物对污水的净化效果,及在不同水力停留时间下的变化规律.试验结果表明,在最佳运行条件下,COD、TN、TP的去除率分别在50%、75%和65%以上;3种植物对比可以看出,香蒲的净化效果明显好于芦苇和菖蒲,香蒲对COD、TN、TP的去除率分别达到67.2%、89.7%、88.9%.     

检测有机汞的标准物质氯化甲基汞的合成条件

选择两步法合成CH₃HgCl,即CH₃I与Hg通过光化学反应制得CH₃HgI,再使用AgCl将CH₃HgI转化为CH₃HgCl。以白炽灯作为光反应的光源;选用无水乙醇或丙酮或乙醚作为转化反应的溶剂,在进行转化反应操作时,必须加以搅拌;同时,确定在相应的溶剂中重结晶３次及操作条件。揭示了AgCl转化CH₃HgI的反应为固液异相反应,并确定了相应的溶剂。合成CH₃HgCl的熔点为169～170℃,元素分析的结果为C：4.89％、H：1.11％,与文献值一致。使用合成的CH₃HgCl配成标准溶液,测定得标准水样中汞浓度与标准值相等     

电絮凝对电厂循环冷却水中硬度的去除

以某电厂冷却塔循环冷却水为处理对象,利用电絮凝法,以铝板为牺牲阳极去除水中的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),分别考察了电絮凝过程中不同电流密度、电解时间、溶液初始pH、阳极极板数量对总硬度去除率的影响。结果表明:增加电流密度、延长电解时间有利于Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的去除;当电流密度为10 mA·cm~(-2),电解时间为90 min时,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)去除率分别达到93.5%和95.8%,总硬度去除率为94.6%;相对于酸性和中性条件,碱性条件更有利于Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的去除,当初始pH为10时,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)去除率分别达到85.4%和97.7%,总硬度去除率为93.5%;随极板数量的增加,Ca~(2+)和总硬度去除率均有所提高;投加Na_2CO_3有利于Ca~(2+)和总硬度的去除。上述结果可为进一步提高电絮凝过程中总硬度的去除率提供参考。     

中国北方河流底栖动物群落季节性演替对水生态环境质量评价的影响

大型底栖动物是评价水生态质量最常用的生物类群,鉴于水生昆虫的生活史特点,在一年当中群落结构会发生季节性变化,如何利用底栖动物数据准确评价水生态质量状况,反映客观实际,值得探讨。将黑龙江省2012—2015年水生生物试点监测47个采样点的108组底栖动物数据进行比较,对群落结构的相似性、物种的更替率和BMWP指数评价结果进行分析,探讨群落的演替及BMWP指数的变化规律。结果表明不同时间采集的样品底栖动物群落之间存在较大差异,评价的结果也存在差异,越是水环境质量好的区域,这种差异越明显。利用底栖动物评价水生态状况,宜选择长时间段的多个采集数据,经统计整理后,利用复合样方(年均值)的特征,评价一段时间内(如以年为单位)的水生态质量状况,使评价结果更具准确性。     

Isolation and application of predatory <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bdellovibrio</Emphasis>-and-like organisms for municipal waste sludge biolysis and dewaterability enhancement

Bdellovibrio-and-like organisms (BALOs) are a group of ubiquitous and obligate predatory bacteria and commonly used as biocontrol agents. In this study, an efficient, environmental-friendly, and convenient BALOs encouraged municipal waste sludge biolysis pretreatment technique was developed and investigated for dewaterability enhancement of excess waste sludge. The indigenous predatory BALOs were successfully isolated from the sludge for biolysis treatment. Without any chemical addition or pH adjustment, the sludge specific resistance (SRF) and capillary suction time (CST) were significantly reduced by as high as 53.4% and 23.8%, respectively within 24 h’s treatment, which would further be lowered with the increase of BALOs input dosage. However, the continuous extension of reaction time would worsen the sludge dewaterability. The decreases of SRF and CST accompanied with the increases of sludge disintegration degree and soluble chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations all emphasized the contributions of BALOs’ predation activities to sludge disturbance, cell lysis, and consequently the release of sludge intracellular water to finally effectively improve the sludge dewaterability and disposal efficiency.

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中庭建筑回廊排烟方法的模拟实验研究

根据中庭建筑的特点,提出中庭建筑“回廊＋中庭顶部”的排烟方案。基于此方案,运用区域模拟思想,分析了回廊排烟条件下中庭建筑内烟气运动过程,建立了回廊溢出烟气质量卷吸流量的简化模型,推导了有／无回廊排烟条件下中庭排烟量的相互关系公式,从理论上说明了方案是可行的,并进一步通过模拟实验进行了验证。     

无人监测船在城市内河水质监测中的应用

采用无人船监测技术结合镇江市内河水质状况普查工作,大于120 h的航行试验,总航行里程约为90 km,对建成区水体中的氨氮(NH3-N)、溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(ORP)和浊度进行原位监测,结果表明,通过合理选择搭载相应的测量电极,无人监测船能够满足地表水测量数据准确度的要求,同时可实现研究区域的监测全覆盖,提升了地表水环境监测的工作效率。     

Water Quality Modeling for a Typical Urban Lake Based on the EFDC Model

Urban lakes are typically characterized by fragile ecological capacities and complex management of their hydrospheric ecosystems. The aims of this study are to establish a reliable hydrodynamic-water quality model for an urban lake, to investigate the responses of water quality to different extreme hydrological conditions associated with rainstorms, and to explore the results from different modeled scenarios surrounding the pollution threats associated with a sewage leak. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic water quality model was developed in this study. The model was calibrated and validated using observed data. The model results agreed well with the observed data, and the averaged relative root mean-squared error (RRMSE) for all of the compared variables was 33.3 %. The validated model was applied to analyze water quality responses for different extreme historical rainfall scenarios from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012. The model results indicate that for Lake Tianyinhu, rainstorms adversely affect water quality due to larger nutrient loads, generated by larger rainfall events, and the limited water storage capacity of the lake. Moreover, the responses of water quality to sewage leak events were studied through four scenarios with different leak intensities and durations. The model results indicate that sewage leaks have measureable negative effects on water quality and that it is vital to inspect and promptly eliminate any possible leaks within pipes surrounding the lake. This study may provide a useful tool for hydrological ecosystem protection and management techniques for similar urban lakes.