The dissipation of ethofenprox in cabbage and soil under open conditions

The dissipation of ethofenprox in cabbage and soil under open conditions was investigated at two primary cabbage-growing regions, Beijing and Kunming in China. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with a single quadrupole detector. Dissipation of ethofenprox from cabbage and soil can be best explained by a first-order decay process. The half-lives of ethofenprox were 1.9 and 2.3 days in cabbage and 20.0 and 13.0 days in soil at Beijing and Kunming, respectively. The concentration of ethofenprox residue was reduced by 90% taking 7 and 60 days in cabbage and soil. Dissipation rates in cabbage and soil at two geographically separated experimental fields differed, suggesting that this was affected by complicated factors, such as local climate and soil characteristics. These data could provide guidance for the proper and safe use of this pesticide on cabbage in China.     

培养基中磷酸盐在GA1所产絮凝剂絮凝中的作用研究

考察了一株高效产絮凝剂微生物多粘类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa GA1(以下简称GA1)的发酵培养基以及培养基各组分的絮凝性.实验结果表明,培养基中K2HPO4、KH2PO4在CaCl2存在、pH值中性偏碱时对各种废水均有一定的絮凝性,在GA1所产絮凝剂(以下简称MBFGA1)絮凝废水的过程中起重要作用,且作用离子为PO43-和Ca2 ;这两种离子在pH值中性偏碱时能有效降低高岭土悬液的ζ电位绝对值到接近零,使胶体脱稳;PO43-和Ca2 形成絮状沉淀后,能网捕脱稳颗粒,进而在MBFGA1桥联作用下使颗粒结团沉降完成絮凝.发酵培养基虽有一定絮凝性,但效果不佳,处理后上清液颗粒平均粒径远大于发酵液处理,且絮体、泥饼性质差异大,不利于工业应用和后续处理.硫酸钡亦有一定的助凝效果,但因沉淀本身性质差异,其效果劣于磷酸钙.     

改进改良式序列间歇反应器脱氮除磷试验研究

针对6池MSBR工艺除磷效果不佳和污泥上浮问题,试验通过对流程的巧妙安排以及浓缩池的设置,较好地解决了脱氮和除磷之间的矛盾.根据污泥龄(SRT)选择实验,确定温度为25 ℃、pH为7～8、 SRT为15 d、厌氧池HRT为60 min、缺/厌氧池HRT为30 min的条件下进行脱氮除磷试验.试验结果表明,改进的MSBR工艺的脱氮和除磷效果都比较好,对COD、氮、TP的去除率分别为94.2%、81.4%、88.5%.     

质粒基因强化活性污泥系统对2,4–D的降解

以携带质粒pJP4[含编码2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸(2,4-D)降解功能的基因片段]的基因工程菌Pseudomonas putida SM1443::gfp2x (pJP4::dsRed)为供体菌,通过半连续流实验研究了质粒基因强化对活性污泥系统的2,4-D的降解效应及菌群结构的影响.结果表明,以初始浓度约为320mg/L的2,4-D为唯一碳源,向活性污泥系统投加携带pJP4质粒的基因工程菌P. putida,运行初期,降解促进作用不明显;随着半连续流反应的进行,促进作用显著增强.与对照系统相比,降解速率之差最高为6.67mg/(L·h).从基因强化系统中筛选到1株占有优势的接合子,经鉴定为Alcaligenes sp.::pJP4. Alcaligenes sp.本身不具备降解2,4-D的能力,获得质粒pJP4后,对2,4-D降解能力大幅度提高,与野生型2,4-D高效降解菌Bacillus sp.相当. PCR-DGGE分析表明,在受到2,4-D冲击条件下基因强化的活性污泥系统较对照系统保持了相对更加稳定的菌群结构.     

建筑围墙对高频电磁辐射吸收特性的模拟计算

电磁辐射对建筑室内环境的影响已经逐渐成为一个重要的环境问题。利用电磁波吸收理论研究了建筑围墙对高频电磁辐射的吸收特性。模拟计算表明,伴随频率的增加,墙体对电磁辐射的吸收呈现振荡趋势并逐渐向一定值趋近;伴随介电材料厚度增加,稳定值点的位置提前。材料介电常数的实部越小吸收稳定值越小;虚部越小,稳定值点的位置越延后。本结果为...     

废水液滴在低温烟气中的蒸发特性数值研究

建立了液滴在低温低速烟气中运动和蒸发的数学模型,数值研究了液滴在不同的烟气速度和烟气温度环境中的蒸发特性,获得了液滴速度、温度和直径随时间的变化规律,以及烟气速度和温度对液滴蒸发特性的影响。计算结果表明：气相速度越大,液滴初速度对液滴运动速度的影响越小,液滴速度越容易达到烟气速度。对于初始直径和速度一定的液滴,气液初始相对速度越大,液滴达到临界蒸发温度所需的时间越短,完全蒸发时间也越短。在文中研究的烟气速度范围内,整体上气相速度的改变对液滴完全蒸发时间的影响很小。气相温度的改变对液滴达到临界蒸发温度的时间以及完全蒸发时间的影响很大。烟气从较高温度和较低温度分别下降相同幅度的温度时,液滴在烟气中的完全蒸发时间按不同的倍数在增加,烟气温度越低,液滴完全蒸发时间增加的越多。对于文中研究的液滴,无量纲完全蒸发时间随烟气温度变化呈指数递减规律。     

Fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy with regional integration analysis for assessment of compost maturity

Composting of animal manures is believed as an alternative way for directly recycling them in farms, and therefore assessment of compost maturity is crucial for achieving high quality compost. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) combined with regional integration analysis is presented to assess compost maturity. The results showed that the EEM contours of water-extract organic matter (WEOM) from immature composts exhibited four peaks at excitation/emission (Ex/Em) of 220/340 nm, 280/340 nm, 220/410 nm, and 330/410 nm, whereas EEM contour of WEOM from mature composts had only two peaks at Ex/Em of 230/420 nm and 330/420 nm. Pearson correlation demonstrated that peaks intensity rather than their ratios had a significantly correlation with the common indices assessing compost maturity, whereas the normalized excitation-emission area volumes (Φ_i,ns) from regional integration analysis had a stronger correlation with the common indices assessing compost maturity than peaks intensity. It is concluded that the Φ_i,ns from regional integration analysis are more suitable to assess the maturity of compost than the intensities of peaks. Therefore, the fluorescence spectroscopy combined with regional integration analysis can be used as a valuable industrial and research tool for assessing compost maturity, given its high sensitivity and selectivity.     

Spatial and seasonal distribution of selected antibiotics in surface waters of the Pearl Rivers, China

The distribution and occurrence of 15 antibiotics in surface water of the Pearl River System (Liuxi River, Shijing River and Zhujiang River) and effluents of four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated in two sampling events representing wet season and dry season by using rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-MS/MS) in positive ionization mode. Only eight antibiotics (sulfadiazine, sulfapyridine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, roxithromycin, erythromycin-H?O and norfloxacin) were detected in the water samples of the three rivers and the effluents. The detection frequencies and levels of antibiotics in the dry season were higher than those in the wet season. This could be attributed to the dilution effects in the wet season and relatively lower temperature in the dry season under which antibiotics could persist for a longer period. The levels of the detected antibiotics in different sites are generally in a decreasing order as follows: Shijing River ≥WWTP effluent ≥Zhujiang River ≥ Liuxi River. Risk assessment based on the calculated risk quotients showed that only erythromycin-H?O and roxithromycin detected in the Pearl Rivers might have adverse effects on aquatic organisms.     

无锡太湖水源地藻类爆发应急管理与处置体系研究

本文通过对太湖蓝藻爆发事件的分析,揭示了我国水源地藻类爆发应急管理和处置体系存在预警、预案机制不完善,监测机制与预警机制脱节,公众信息系统不健全、公开透明程度欠缺等不足,并设计出一套水源地藻类爆发应急处理体系,包括监测检测、应急处理、长效治理和管理体系,以应对该类事件的再次发生。