隐孢子虫3种检测方法比较

为建立一套行之有效的隐孢子虫灭活效果评价方法,在构建鸡源隐孢子虫C. baileyi动物模型的基础上,选用3种检测方法（抗酸染色、饱和蔗糖悬浮镜检和荧光检测）,对鸡源隐孢子虫进行镜检、数量统计,并比较3种方法的优劣及适用范围。结果显示：荧光染色法具有最佳的检测效率（检出数量为改良抗酸染色法,饱和蔗糖悬浮镜检法的2.1和2.6倍;检测时间为120 min）,并能够进行隐孢子虫的活性鉴定,可以作为饮用水消毒剂灭活隐孢子虫的评定方法,是一种高效、简便、较为廉价,并具有较大发展前景的检测方法。     

低位排烟模式下小室火灾机械排烟效率的实验研究

对小室内低位排烟这一特殊模式开展了全尺寸实验,并对其机械排烟效率进行了研究.实验结果表明,低位排烟时小室内烟气层高度的界面比较低,通常处于连续火焰区.在低位排烟过程中,由于有大量的空气被排烟风机直接吸走,导致机械排烟效率大大降低,通常低于40%.低位排烟时的机械排烟效率随着火源功率的增加而增大,两者之间的经验拟合关系式比较符合指数关系.根据实验数据,发展了基于McCaffrey模型的机械排烟速率模型,得出了低位排烟模式下控制小室火灾烟气溢出的排烟风机风量随着火源功率和烟气层高度变化的半经验公式.     

TF5池火平均质量损失速率简化模型及其高原环境下的适用性研究

通过池火在常压环境下燃烧时的质量损失机理分析,对火灾探测中欧洲标准试验火TF5(正庚烷池火)归纳推导出以辐射热反馈为主导的质量损失速率简化模型,并推广到拉萨高原低压环境.该模型建立了TF5池火平均质量损失速率与火焰温度四次方的正比关系,通过对火焰温度的测量,确定燃料液面所受的辐射热反馈功率,从而推算出燃料的平均质量损失速率.同时结合合肥及拉萨两地的TF5标准火实验,对模型进行了验证,实验结果表简化模型能够反映出不同气压下TF5池火燃烧的主要过程.     

液相色谱法测定空气中17种醛酮类化合物

建立了一种用于测定空气中17种醛酮类化合物的高效液相色谱--二极管阵列检测(HPLC-PDA)分析方法.该法以2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)的盐酸溶液作为吸收液,将醛酮类化合物转化为醛酮-DNPH衍生物,以醛酮-DNPH的特征吸收波长和色谱峰保留时间进行定性分析,并采用工作曲线法同时进行定量测定.色谱测定液中各醛酮类化合物的质量浓度在0.05～2.00μg/mL的范围内与色谱峰面积呈现很好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999 0,方法的平均回收率为91.5%～98.9%,相对标准偏差为3.6%～9.4%,检出限为2～10μg/m3,可用于化工装置尾气及环境空气中醛酮类有机污染物的检测.     

活性炭纤维脱除二氧化碳的实验研究

采用活性炭纤维(ACF)作为吸附材料,研究了ACF对CO_2和N_2的吸、脱分离特性。结果表明,粘胶基活性炭纤维(V-ACF)和聚丙烯腈基活性炭纤维(PAN-ACF)对CO_2和N_2都表现出较好的吸附效果,其中V-ACF对CO_2和N_2的吸附系数高达9,说明ACF是很好的吸附分离材料。ACF对不同烟气浓度和温度下对CO_2吸附的结果说明,ACF对于高浓度CO_2更易于脱除;讨论了ACF在不同解析温度或时间对吸附的影响和ACF的热稳定性,结果表明,在较高解析温度或者较长解析时间下更加容易脱除CO_2,且再生时间短,最佳的解析时间为15 min。经过相同的多次实验,ACF的性能稳定,再生效率稳定在86%。     

Levels, compositions, and inventory of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sewage sludge of Guangdong Province, South China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in sewage sludge samples collected from major wastewater treatment plants in Guangdong Province, South China. Concentrations of ∑₃₉PBDE (all 39 compounds including tri- to hepta- PBDE congeners except for BDE-209) ranged from 3.6 to 428 ng/g dw with a mean value of 67.4 ng/g dw and a median value of 25.9 ng/g dw, and those of BDE-209 ranged from 9.9 to 5,010 ng/g dw (mean 1,024 ng/g dw and median 824 ng/g dw). The PBDE mixtures detected were mainly comprised of penta-, octa-, and deca-BDEs, with deca-BDE as the dominant constituent. The most abundant congeners, excluding BDE-209, were BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-183. Good correlations were found among the concentrations of BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-138, and BDE-154 (r?>?0.8). However, poor correlations were found between the concentrations of BDE-209 and all other congeners (r?<?0.3). This fact suggests that most tri- to hepta-BDEs detected did not originate from decomposition of deca-BDE. The estimated annual emission of ∑_allPBDEs, ∑₃₉PBDEs, penta-BDE, octa-BDE, and deca-BDE to the Pearl River Delta environment (PRD), based on the sludge samples analyzed, amounts to 232, 20.2, 5.5, 1.7, and 212 kg per year, implicating sewage sludge as a significant source of PBDEs to the PRD environment.     

Neurotoxicological evaluation of microcystin-LR exposure at environmental relevant concentrations on nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Previous studies have not examined the adverse effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) at environmental relevant concentrations on the development and functions of nervous system. The neurotoxic effects of MC-LR exposure on neurotransmitter systems were investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans. After exposing L1 larvae to 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg?l^?1 of MC-LR for 8 and 24 h, the adverse effects on GABAergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic neurons were examined. The expression levels of genes required for development and functions of GABAergic neurons were further investigated. Body bend frequency and head thrash frequency decreased significantly after MC-LR exposure for 8 h at concentrations more than 1 μg?l^?1 and after MC-LR exposure for 24 h at concentrations more than 0.1 μg?l^?1. Loss of GABAergic neurons increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner after MC-LR exposure at concentrations more than 0.1 μg?l^?1. In contrast, no obvious neuronal losses or morphologic changes were observed in cholinergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic neurons in MC-LR-exposed nematodes. Quantitative real-time PCR assay further showed that expression levels of unc-30, unc-46, unc-47, and exp-1 genes required for development and function of GABAergic neurons decreased significantly in nematodes exposed to MC-LR at concentrations more than 0.1 or 1 μg?l^?1. MC-LR at environmental relevant concentrations caused neurobehavioral defects, which may be largely due to the neuronal loss and the alterations of expression level of genes required for GABAergic neurotransmitter system in C. elegans.     

Effect of condensed organic matter on solvent extraction and aqueous leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and sediments

The contents of nonhydrolyzable organic matter (NHC) and black carbon (BC) were measured in soils and sediments from the Pearl River Delta, South China. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were extracted respectively by Soxhlet and an accelerated solvent extraction device (ASE) using different solvents. In addition, sequential aqueous leaching at different temperatures was carried out. The PAH content extracted with the sequential three solvent ASE is two times higher than that using the Soxhlet extraction method. The relationship of the PAH content with the NHC content is very significant. The PAH concentrations measured at various temperature steps fit well to the Van't Hoff equation and the enthalpy was estimated. The investigation indicates that condensed organic matter such as kerogen carbon, aged organic matter, and BC is relevant for the extraction and distribution of native PAHs in the investigated field soils and sediments.     

网格划分及开口处计算区域延展对FDS模拟结果的影响

结合具体算例,引入相关性分析方法对FDS应用中出现的网格独立性问题进行了量化研究,就火源区、羽流区和烟气层区对网格密度敏感性的差别进行了讨论,并且分析了开口处计算区域设置对计算结果的影响.随着网格密度的增大.不同计算结果之间的相关性值不断增大至0.99以上,且火源区的相关性值受网格密度影响最大,浮力羽流区次之,烟气层区最小.不延展计算区域和延展计算区域情况下的计算结果的相关性值较低,而不同计算区域延展范围下的计算结果之间的相关性均较高.结果表明,相关性值可以用来衡量计算结果的网格独立性.火源区、浮力羽流区、烟气层区对于网格密度的敏感程度依次递减,加密火源区在控制计算时间的同时可以有效提高计算精度.计算区域设置对于建筑开口处的烟气溢流和补气情况将产生重要影响.进而将影响到建筑内部的热流场,将开口处的计算区域适当向外延展,是保证计算结果精确度的有效手段.     

火灾条件下消防负载断路器性能研究

针对目前配电箱开关在火灾热影响下由于脱扣机构动作引起跳闸,不能保证消防设备供电问题,经过对消防配电箱的火灾试验研究,分析了外部热源对开关动作的影响。通过线损量的计算,得出了火灾情况下环境温度与电阻热损耗的关系。并依据双金属片热弯曲理论,推导出热脱扣机构动作力与端部位移成正比的关系。总结出消防终端设备开关热过载保护应仅用于动作信号而不应切断电源的结论。对于现有消防配电柜,给出了通过调整开关热脱扣机构倾斜角,来增加消防负荷的供电时间的方案,可以为消防供电系统断路器的可靠性设计作参考。