电厂温排水对浮游动物的影响

长山电厂温排水对库里泡湖浮游动物种类组成和数量变化的影响表明,增温对浮游动物的种类和数量增加有促进作用,多样性指数增大;强增温区(31—39.6℃)其种类和数量则减少,多样性指数下降.电厂冷却系统对浮游动物的机械损伤率为66—78％,但这种损伤对其数量未产生明显的危害.由浮游动物量估算了鳙鱼鱼产力,强增温可使水体鱼产力下降,弱增温则促进鱼产力提高.     

起始缓冲容量作为评价土壤对酸雨的敏感性参数

酸雨诱发的土壤酸化首先是外部H~+对土壤溶液的作用,而土壤酸化过程取决于土壤溶液对H~+的缓冲能力。本文从土壤悬液的酸碱滴定曲线实验出发,提出了土壤对H~+的起始缓冲容量(β)的概念,以作为评价土壤对酸雨的敏感性参数。对我国东南部几种土壤的实验研究表明,参数基本上符合实际情况。     

太湖地区侧渗水稻土连续施磷处理下稻田磷的径流损失

太湖地区侧渗水稻土稻田磷素动态特征及其潜在环境效应的田间测试结果表明,水稻地上部收获带走的磷量平均为47.5kg·hm-2;土壤表层0—10cm富集的磷、整个稻季径流流失的溶解态磷、颗粒态磷和总磷与施磷量呈线性相关关系。水稻生长季由径流损失的总磷量约在1.3～5.1kg·hm-2,损失量随施磷量的增加而增加。过量施肥会增加磷素径流流失风险,在当地施磷量30kg·hm-2条件下,水田磷素流失量相对很小。太湖地区侧渗水稻土稻季建议施磷量为50kg·hm-2。     

能源投资收益率的研究进展及其应用前景

文章介绍了能源投资收益率(EROI指数)的概念--能源生产过程中能源产出和能源消耗的比值,引入了能源质量因子的概念,并以此为理论依据介绍了能源投资收益率的计算方法.文章综述了近些年国际上对能源投资收益率的研究进展,及其在宏观和微观层面能源经济分析上的运用实例,并运用能源投资收益率对中国1991至1999年的煤炭和石油天然气行业进行了能源经济分析,指出了中国能源行业现存的一些问题,最后展望了其在中国能源经济评价和能源战略制定中的应用前景.     

Mechanisms of nitrite accumulation occurring in soilnitrification

Because low concentration of nitrite could be toxic to biological systems and high amounts of nitrite have been observed in a river of northern China since 1990, nitrite from agricultural soil sources should be investigated. In this paper, effects of levels of ammonium-N (NH4+-N), soil pH and nitrification inhibitors on NO2- accumulation, and duration of nitrite in soils were studied. Application of 11.2 mg of nitrapyrin kg(-1) soil or 11.2 mg of sodium azide kg(-1) soil dramatically suppressed nitrite occurrence. Within all incubation times and at all levels of ammonium-N input, we did not detect any measurable NO2-N accumulation in samples of Yellow-brown earth (pH 5.67), but observed huge accumulation in the 2 alkaline soils, Fluvo-aquic loam (pH 7.89) and Fluvo-aquic sand (pH 8.20). The concentrations of nitrite in both alkaline soils were related to ammonium-N levels. The effect of pH on nitrite accumulation was demonstrated by using slurries of Fluvo-aquic sand under continuous aeration and buffers of different pH. Data showed that nitrite concentration increased with the elevated pH, yet that ammonia oxidizers from the original soil (pH 8.2) could adapt to the new medium of low pH (pH 5.35). Dynamic changes of nitrite in soils amended with different rates of nitrite-N were also measured in 6 days. Thereby, we concluded that nitrite was unstable in acid soils, but durable in alkaline soils. The authors suggested that NO2- accumulation in field soils and its subsequent environmental impact should receive more attention.     

Fractionation and composition of colloidal and suspended particulate materials in rivers

The association of pollutants (nutrients, heavy metals and organic compounds) with colloidal and suspended particle matter (SPM) plays a dominant role in determining their transport, fate, biogeochemistry, bioavailability and toxicity in natural waters. A scheme for the fractionation and composition of colloidal and SPM from river waters has been tested. All four separation methods, i.e. sieving, continuous flow centrifugation, tangential flow filtration, sedimentation field-flow fractionation, were for the first time used to separate five size particulate fractions from river. Significant (gram) amounts of colloidal material (<1 microm) in three size ranges, nominally 1-0.2, 0.2-0.006 and 0.006-0.003 microm were obtained. The separation scheme was able to process large samples (100 l), within reasonable times (1 day) and the apparatus was portable. The aquatic colloid size was also characterized with high resolution by using sedimentation field-flow fractionation technique. The mass-based particle size distribution for the water sample showed a broad size distribution between 0.05 and 0.4 microm with the maximum around 0.14 microm. There was a systematic increase in the content of organic carbon (estimated by loss on ignition), Mg, Ca, Na, Cu and Zn with decreasing particle size, highlighting the importance of the colloidal (<1 microm) fraction. It was concluded that the colloidal Cu and Zn concentrations in rivers might be much higher than those reported before.     

中国镁产业生态系统物质流与价值流的生命周期分析

基于物质流分析基本框架,构建了镁产业生态系统的物质流分析模型,定量分析了2015年我国宏观层次镁金属材料在其生命周期各个阶段的物质流与价值流,并核算了以皮江法工艺炼镁产生的生态包袱,同时结合e!Sankeypro 4.5.3绘图软件进行可视化表达与分析。结果表明：①原镁生产过程中资源消耗量较大,皮江法工艺每生产1t原镁的非生物资源输入量和资源直接输入量分别达到59.3t和16.4t,而生态包袱约为资源直接输入量的3.6倍,物质输入端优化的关键在于提高白云石与燃料的利用效率。② 2006-2015年镁产业生态包袱整体呈现上升趋势,清洁生产与循环经济是新时代镁产业生态化发展的对策。③皮江法炼镁的资源物质投入类别中硅铁与煤的价格居高,影响了价值产出率;废镁潜在利用价值较大。④受国内与国际市场需求的影响,迫切需要调整镁产品生产结构以应对未来发展挑战。最后,从资源利用效率、节能减排、回收利用体系、优化产品结构等方面提出了环境管理措施,以期为我国金属镁等矿产资源的循环利用以及绿色发展提供决策依据。     

重金属污染综合防治实施进展与经验分析

重金属污染综合防治规划是"十二五"期间国家批复实施的第一个五年专项规划。《重金属污染综合防治"十二五"规划》实施三年多来,取得了积极成效。本文从重点行业综合防控、重点区域分类整治、重点企业责任落实、重点项目强力推进等方面,总结了《重金属污染综合防治"十二五"规划》实施进展、成效和主要经验,为《重金属污染综合防治"十二五"规划》后续实施和我国污染防治规划的制定与实施提供启发与借鉴。     

中庭式建筑内回廊排烟方法有效性的研究

中庭式建筑各楼层均通过中庭相连,因此给建筑物内机械排烟设计造成了困难.近年来一些学者提出了回廊排烟的概念,但并没有进行深入的研究.本文采用二维线性羽流模型对回廊排烟过程进行了描述,从理论上分析了采用回廊排烟控制建筑内烟气蔓延的效果.并采用FDS对一实际中庭式建筑采用回廊排烟的效果进行了模拟,对理论分析进行了验证.还对回廊内蓄烟池的深度进行了讨论,提出将回廊蓄烟池深度设为1 m左右是比较合适的.     

典型竖井结构中毒性烟气运动过程的实验及数值模拟

研究竖井结构内有毒烟气的运动规律的特点,对于发展烟气控制技术,制定合理的人员安全疏散预案具有重要意义.通过高层竖井小尺寸实验,较为全面系统地研究了典型竖井结构内CO浓度场分布以及迁移运动规律.发现相同实验条件下,竖井内CO浓度变化过程随着竖井结构的不同而不同.同时结合FDS模拟及数值分析,讨论了竖井结构形式对毒性烟气迁移的影响.