黄河入海口水质评价与预测

对黄河入海口2004-2011年的水质进行评价与预测,采用灰色聚类法分析水体DO、CODMn、NH3-N 3项指标,总结水质年均变化情况.建立水质GM(1,1)灰色预测模型,用实际水质指标值检验其精度,并用此模型预测未来4年水质变化趋势.结果表明,2004-2015年期间,黄河入海口水质在2004-2007年波动较大,但将越来越好,CODMn、NH3-N呈下降趋势,DO、达标率呈上升趋势,并通过灰色关联分析方法分析水质变化原因以期对黄河入海口水质分析预测与水体保护工作提供参考.     

减压蒸馏耦合微电解处理六硝基二段洗水

通过对六硝基茋(HNS)生产过程中第二段工艺的产品洗涤废水进行水质分析,针对该段废水含有大量吡啶和多种溴代和硝基芳香类化合物的特点,探究了减压蒸馏耦合锌碳微电解法处理二段洗水的效果并优化工艺参数。结果显示,70℃条件下,二段洗水蒸馏至原体积的86.9%时,蒸馏剩余废水TOC去除率为44%,并且此前收集的馏分中吡啶浓度为10%～31.9%(V/V)。减压蒸馏工艺起到收集吡啶同时降低废水TOC的双重作用。减压蒸馏后,残留在废水中的有机物以溴代和硝基芳香化合物为主,采用微电解工艺,其条件优化实验的结果显示,在废水初始pH=1.0,锌投加量为25 g/L,锌碳投加比为1∶1,反应60 min后,废水TOC去除率为33%,采用多级微电解工艺可提高去除效果。     

Protecting Sensitive Coastal Areas with Exclusion Booms during Oil Spill Events

Oil spills at sea remain a serious threat to coastal settlements and sensitive ecosystems. Although the impacts of spills are contingent upon a variety of environmental factors and the chemical composition of the oil itself, spill effects can be long lasting in the pelagic zone with broad impacts on sensitive bacterial, microbial, plant, and animal communities. Efforts to contain, deflect, protect, and mitigate the effects of oil are increasingly important, given the massive social, economic, and environmental fallout connected to large spills. The purpose of this paper is to provide geographic perspective for protecting coastal areas with exclusion booms during oil spill events. Specifically, we introduce a generalized, extendable, spatial optimization model that simultaneously minimizes spill effects on vulnerable shorelines and the total costs associated with dispatching booms. The multiobjective model is solved with a weighting method to produce a Pareto optimal curve that reveals how the costs and protection operations change under different priorities. A simulated tanker spill near Mobile Bay, AL, USA, is used as an illustrative example.

     

环境因素对不同工艺人工湿地反硝化功能基因丰度影响

反硝化细菌在人工湿地对N元素去除的过程中发挥着关键作用.为了解湿地类型、基质、植被和水力负荷及物理参数对人工湿地反硝化功能细菌丰度的影响,构建了9个不同工艺组合的人工湿地小试装置.利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测湿地基质中反硝化功能基因nirS,nirK和nosZ的丰度.结果显示,湿地中nirS,nirK和nosZ丰度(以每ng总DNA中的拷贝数计)分别为4.88×103～2.13×105 copies/ng,1.2×101 ～ 2.14×103 copies/ng和1.98×103～ 2.09 × 105copies/ng,其中nirS显著高于nirK丰度,nirS丰度与湿地出水的pH显著正相关.分析湿地4种设计参数对反硝化功能基因丰度的影响程度,结果显示,对nirS丰度影响程度大小依次为湿地类型＞植被类型＞水力负荷＞基质类型,水平潜流和上行垂直流人工湿地中nirS丰度显著高于下行垂直流人工湿地,无植物人工湿地nirS丰度显著高于有植物人工湿地;对nirK丰度影响程度大小依次为湿地类型＞植被类型＞基质类型＞水力负荷,水平潜流人工湿地nirK丰度显著高于下行垂直流湿地;对nosZ丰度影响程度大小依次为湿地类型＞水力负荷＞植被类型＞基质类型,但影响都不显著.     

干化床和芦苇床稳定污泥过程中的腐殖化特征简

通过现场实验,考查污泥干化床和污泥干化芦苇床稳定污泥过程中的腐殖质变化特征,重点分析了污泥腐殖化率和污泥腐殖化指数的变化情况。系统运行了3年,包括前2年的污泥负荷期和第3年的自然稳定期,检测分析在第3年进行。实验结果表明,污泥腐殖质含量历月变化不大,基本在1.1%~2.1%范围;总体上污泥的腐殖化率具有上升趋势,同一时间样品芦苇床中污泥的腐殖化率略高于干化床;污泥腐殖化指数呈上升趋势,但芦苇床略低于传统干化床;4—11月,干化床中的污泥腐殖化指数从0.079升高到0.742,芦苇床从0.042升高到0.715。经过3 y的稳定化处理,污泥的腐殖化程度和腐熟度得到有效提高。     

Modeled and observed fine particulate matter reductions from state attainment demonstrations

States rely upon photochemical models to predict the impacts of air quality attainment strategies, but the performance of those predictions is rarely evaluated retrospectively. State implementation plans (SIPs) developed to attain the 1997 U.S. standard for fine particulate matter (PM_2.5; denoting particles smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter) by 2009 provide the first opportunity to assess modeled predictions of PM_2.5 reductions at the state level. The SIPs were the first to rely upon a speciated modeled attainment test methodology recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to predict PM_2.5 concentrations and attainment status. Of the 23 eastern U.S. regions considered here, all but one achieved the 15 μg/m³ standard by 2009, and the other achieved it the following year, with downward trends sustained in subsequent years. The attainment tests predicted 2009 PM_2.5 design values at individual monitors with a mean bias of 0.38 μg/m³ and mean error of 0.68 μg/m³, and were 95% accurate in predicting whether a monitor would achieve the standard. All of the errors were false alarms, in which the monitor observed attainment after a modeled prediction of an exceedance; in these cases, the states used weight-of-evidence determinations to argue that attainment was likely. Overall, PM_2.5 concentrations at monitors in the SIP regions declined by 2.6 μg/m³ from 2000–2004 to 2007–2009, compared with 1.6 μg/m³ in eastern U.S. regions originally designated as attainment. Air quality improvements tended to be largest at monitors that were initially the most polluted.

ImplicationsAs states prepare to develop plans for attaining a more stringent standard for fine particulate matter, this retrospective analysis documents substantial and sustained air quality improvements achieved under the previous standard. Significantly larger air quality improvements in regions initially designated nonattainment of the 1997 standard indicate that this status prompted heightened control efforts. The speciated modeled attainment test is found to be accurate and slightly conservative in predicting particulate concentrations for the cases considered here, providing confidence for its use in upcoming attainment plans.     

高铁酸钾氧化降解水中的苯酚

以自制的固体K2FeO4作为氧化剂对水中的苯酚进行氧化降解.在苯酚初始浓度为0.10 mmol /L、溶液pH 为9、反应时间为30 min、n(K2FeO4)= n(苯酚)为15 的条件下,苯酚去除率可达99.8%.反应过程中,K2 FeO4的强氧化作用与其产物Fe(OH)3 的絮凝作用产生协同效应,提高了苯酚的降解...     

"松花江水质"污染事故应急处理与思考

结合松花江水质特大污染事故处理全过程,根据亲身体验,指出本次处理突发性污染事故中存在的主要问题,并提出相应的意见和建议,对我国建立突发性环境污染事故应急处理系统,进一步做好突发性环境污染事故预防和处置工作,切实有效地防止突发性环境污染事故的发生有积极的意义.     

Identification and detection sensitivity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microcystis aeruginosa</Emphasis> from mixed and field samples using MALDI-TOF MS

To verify the applicability of identifying Microcystis aeruginosa by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), mixed and field samples were employed to study the sensitivity and the analysis power, respectively. Series diluted samples and artificially mixed samples by the M. aeruginosa NIES-843 strain were designed to verify the sensitivity. The lowest detection limit was 1.955?×?10⁶ cells in pure samples, while for mixed samples, the lowest detection limit and ratio of NIES-843 strain were 2.88?×?10⁶ cells and 33.7%, respectively. The results provided a reference for the reasonable volume of the water sample in which the M. aeruginosa could be detected. Ribosomal protein biomarkers for identifying M. aeruginosa which were successfully detected from the field samples in Taihu Lake, indicated that the identification of M. aeruginosa by MALDI-TOF MS could be applied in field samples. Furthermore, different genetic types of M. aeruginosa strains were also detected at different locations in Taihu Lake, which revealed the diversity of M. aeruginosa and the detection power of MALDI-TOF MS at the strain level for the field samples. The sensitivity and detection power in the analysis of M. aeruginosa by the MALDI-TOF MS demonstrated the applicability of this method in routine environmental monitoring.     

光还原时间对Ag/Bi2WO6光催化性能的影响

以五水硝酸铋和钨酸钠为原料水热法合成规整的三维花状直径约2.5—3.5μm的Bi_2WO_6微球,通过简单原位光还原过程合成了一系列Ag/Bi_2WO_6复合材料.紫外可见漫反射光谱表明Ag/Bi_2WO_6相比于纯Bi_2WO_6微球在可见光区域的光吸收边显著红移.在可见光照射下,对所制备的样品的光催化降解罗丹明B活性进行了评价.结果表明,Ag/Bi_2WO_6光催化活性随着光还原时间增加,先增加然后降低,光还原时间为20 min合成的Ag/Bi_2WO_6光催化活性最佳,40 min对罗丹明B的降解率已达到99.2%,反应速率常数为纯Bi_2WO_6的3.60倍.增强的光催化活性归因于银的引入导致光吸收范围的增加和光生载流子有效分离的协同效应.