g-C3N4/WO3光阳极的除污产电性能研究

光催化燃料电池（PFC）以太阳光为能源,利用半导体激发产生的活性物种降解污染物,同时将催化过程产生的电子导出获得电能,可有效应对环境污染和能源危机 . 本文采用热蒸汽冷凝和旋转涂膜法制备了以网状氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）为基底,其上负载 WO₃纳米片的电极材料 .在双腔室 H型电解池中,以制备的 g-C₃N₄/WO₃为光阳极、Pt片为阴极,盐酸四环素（TCH）和 Cr（VI）分别为阳极室和阴极室的目标污染物,构建g-C₃N₄/WO₃-Pt PFC 体系 . 光照 240 min 后,TCH 和 Cr（VI）的去除率分别为 79.1% 和 91.3%,电池的最大输出功率密度达到 6.70 μW·cm^-2.高活性来源于 3 个方面：（1）g-C₃N₄和 WO₃两种窄带半导体的同时激发,光能利用率增加;（2）g-C...     

基于城市固体废弃物的生物炭制备及其在垃圾填埋场和土壤改良中的应用研究进展

近年来,以城市固废为原料制备生物炭为其资源化利用开辟了新思路,但在制备方式、影响因素及主要应用领域仍缺乏有效阐述。介绍了生物炭的制备方式,系统分析了城市固废原料、生产工艺对生物炭产率和性质等影响;在此基础上,概述了生物炭在垃圾填埋场治理修复(渗滤液处理、垃圾填埋场覆盖、可渗透反应墙材料)和土壤改良(理化性质、营养环境)的应用现状。结果表明:1) 热解和水热碳化是城市固废制备生物炭的常用方式,其形成的生物炭具有较大的比表面积、孔隙率及更丰富的组分,对污染物质(如I-、Cu2+等)具有较强的吸附能力;2) 城市固废自身特性及生产工艺都会对所得生物炭的性质产生影响;3) 以特定城市固废生产的生物炭可用于垃圾填埋场修复和土壤改良,对填埋场造成的土壤、大气、地下水污染均具有良好的处理效果,也能充分提高土壤养分的有效性。该成果可为基于城市固废的生物炭生产及环境治理修复相关研究提供参考。     

水体中悬浮颗粒物对总磷自动监测仪测试的影响

为保障自动监测数据的准确性,提升水质自动监测系统中水样前处理效果,对几种常用的预处理方式进行比较,分析了低浊度时预处理方式及颗粒物成分对总磷测试的影响,对比不同预处理方式对监测数值的影响、总磷自动监测仪测试数据与实验室监测测试数据的差异,减少水体中悬浮颗粒物对总磷自动监测仪测试的影响.     

Mechanisms of nitrite accumulation occurring in soilnitrification

Because low concentration of nitrite could be toxic to biological systems and high amounts of nitrite have been observed in a river of northern China since 1990, nitrite from agricultural soil sources should be investigated. In this paper, effects of levels of ammonium-N (NH4+-N), soil pH and nitrification inhibitors on NO2- accumulation, and duration of nitrite in soils were studied. Application of 11.2 mg of nitrapyrin kg(-1) soil or 11.2 mg of sodium azide kg(-1) soil dramatically suppressed nitrite occurrence. Within all incubation times and at all levels of ammonium-N input, we did not detect any measurable NO2-N accumulation in samples of Yellow-brown earth (pH 5.67), but observed huge accumulation in the 2 alkaline soils, Fluvo-aquic loam (pH 7.89) and Fluvo-aquic sand (pH 8.20). The concentrations of nitrite in both alkaline soils were related to ammonium-N levels. The effect of pH on nitrite accumulation was demonstrated by using slurries of Fluvo-aquic sand under continuous aeration and buffers of different pH. Data showed that nitrite concentration increased with the elevated pH, yet that ammonia oxidizers from the original soil (pH 8.2) could adapt to the new medium of low pH (pH 5.35). Dynamic changes of nitrite in soils amended with different rates of nitrite-N were also measured in 6 days. Thereby, we concluded that nitrite was unstable in acid soils, but durable in alkaline soils. The authors suggested that NO2- accumulation in field soils and its subsequent environmental impact should receive more attention.     

Fractionation and composition of colloidal and suspended particulate materials in rivers

The association of pollutants (nutrients, heavy metals and organic compounds) with colloidal and suspended particle matter (SPM) plays a dominant role in determining their transport, fate, biogeochemistry, bioavailability and toxicity in natural waters. A scheme for the fractionation and composition of colloidal and SPM from river waters has been tested. All four separation methods, i.e. sieving, continuous flow centrifugation, tangential flow filtration, sedimentation field-flow fractionation, were for the first time used to separate five size particulate fractions from river. Significant (gram) amounts of colloidal material (<1 microm) in three size ranges, nominally 1-0.2, 0.2-0.006 and 0.006-0.003 microm were obtained. The separation scheme was able to process large samples (100 l), within reasonable times (1 day) and the apparatus was portable. The aquatic colloid size was also characterized with high resolution by using sedimentation field-flow fractionation technique. The mass-based particle size distribution for the water sample showed a broad size distribution between 0.05 and 0.4 microm with the maximum around 0.14 microm. There was a systematic increase in the content of organic carbon (estimated by loss on ignition), Mg, Ca, Na, Cu and Zn with decreasing particle size, highlighting the importance of the colloidal (<1 microm) fraction. It was concluded that the colloidal Cu and Zn concentrations in rivers might be much higher than those reported before.     

青藏高原东北部土族家庭能源消费特征

家庭能源消费特征因受地理环境及文化等影响而存在显著的人文空间差异,尤其是对于特色或边远少数民族地区,迫切需要加强相关调查实证研究。基于青海省100户土族家庭的实地调研,从收入水平分组视角考察其能源消费特征,分析家庭能源消费活动的环境效应,并构建物质流模型予以可视化分析。结果表明：土族家庭年人均能源消费量为3473 kgce,以煤炭、薪柴和秸秆等为主;随着收入水平提升,能源消费结构逐渐向多元化转变且对能源重要性的认知逐渐从生物质能源转向商品能源。家庭能源消费导致的年人均CO₂、N₂O、NO_X、SO₂和TSP的产生量分别为1856.87 kg、117.10 g、254.46 g、451.87 g和520.74 g。未来应增强清洁能源利用水平,统筹推进青藏高原地区生活能源消费的可持续转型。     

土壤有机质组分中多环芳烃分配特征和生态风险

土壤有机质是影响多环芳烃（PAHs）环境行为的一个重要因素,不同有机质组分结合的PAHs生物有效性和环境风险有所不同.本文对6个野外污染土壤中15种优控PAHs的含量和组成及其在土壤轻组（LF）和重组（HF）中的分配特征进行了研究,并采用苯并[a]芘（BaP）毒性当量浓度（TEQ_BaP）评价了全土、LF和HF中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,6个土样中15种PAHs总量范围为8.31×10²~2.97×10⁴μg/kg,4环PAHs百分含量最高,范围为35.7%~59.6%.6个土样LF中PAHs总量范围为2.38×10⁴~1.17×10⁵μg/kg,HF中PAHs总量范围为3.75×10²~2.12×10⁴μg/kg.虽然土壤中LF质量百分比只有1.0%~9.8%,但其结合的PAHs量却占土壤中PAHs总量的5.9%~60.6%.LF中15种PAHs总TEQ_BaP值范围为2.99×10²~1.68×10⁴μg/kg,分别是全土和HF的2.7~33.2倍和3.6~69.5倍.在PAHs污染土壤修复和生态风险评估中,应重视LF中PAHs.对LF中PAHs量占土壤中PAHs总量百分比较高的土壤,可以通过分离LF的方法来修复污染土壤.     

Assessments on emergy and greenhouse gas emissions of internal combustion engine automobiles and electric automobiles in the USA

Increasing energy consumption in the transportation sector results in challenging greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and environmental problems. This paper involved integrated assessments on GHG emissions and emergy of the life cycle for the internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric automobiles in the USA over the entire assumed fifteen-year lifetime. The hotspots of GHG emissions as well as emergy indices for the major processes of automobile life cycle within the defined system boundaries have been investigated. The potential strategies for reducing GHG emissions and emergy in the life cycle of both ICE and electric automobiles were further proposed. Based on the current results, the total GHG emissions from the life cycle of ICE automobiles are 4.48E + 07 kg CO₂-e which is 320 times higher than that of the electric automobiles. The hotspot area of the GHG emissions from ICE and electric automobiles are operation phase and manufacturing process, respectively. Interesting results were observed that comparable total emergy of the ICE automobiles and electric automobiles have been calculated which were 1.54E + 17 and 2.20E + 17 sej, respectively. Analysis on emergy index evidenced a better environmental sustainability of electric automobiles than ICE automobiles over the life cycle due to its higher ESI. To the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time to integrate the analysis of GHG emissions together with emergy in industrial area of automobile engineering. It is expected that the integration of emergy and GHG emissions analysis may provide a comprehensive perspective on eco-industrial sustainability of automobile engineering.     

木沥河流域氮素污染及其污染源解析

为甄别粤港澳大湾区木沥河流域氮污染物来源,本研究应用铵盐同位素示踪技术、硝酸盐同位素示踪技术和多元线性混合模型等方法有效识别了该流域氮素来源的变化.结果表明,木沥河流域氮素污染严重,木沥河水体NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N浓度显著高于上游两条支流;除此之外,大坑山支流断面和木沥河下游养殖区断面虽无明显人口居住,仍然面临较高的氮素污染风险.铵盐同位素和硝酸盐同位素定性分析结果表明,木沥河流域氮素污染主要来源于土壤、肥料、大气颗粒物和动物及人排泄物;多元线性混合模型计算结果显示,大坑山支流上流处氮素主要来源为大气沉降,其贡献率在80%左右;鸡笼坑支流上游土壤有机氮平均贡献率可达33%,大于大坑山支流(9%)和木沥河(24%);大坑山支流下游、鸡笼坑支流下游和木沥河中上游污水及粪肥对氮素污染贡献率最高可达70%;值得注意的是,养殖区断面远离人口聚集地,各种养殖已被清理,但污水及粪肥的贡献率仍高达56%,远高于木沥河下游的淡水河水闸断面(3%),这可能要归咎于沉积物中残留的禽畜排泄物.本研究定性和定量地分析了木沥河流域氮素来源,为大湾区的水质管理和污染源治理提供了理论依据.     

Fast start-up anammox process using Acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) containing supernatant

N-dodecanoyl homoserine lactone (C₁₂-HSL) was detected in the supernatant of an anammox granular sludge reactor (AGSR). C₁₂-HSL could enhance the specific anammox activity of anammox biomass. Adding C₁₂-HSL-containing AGSR supernatant into the continuously stirred tank reactors reduced the start-up time of the anammox process from 80 to 66 days. Moreover, the nitrogen loading rate was also enhanced to 1.6 times that of the control reactor. AHLs could increase the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances and anammox obtained better enrichment with the addition of AHLs-containing AGSR supernatant. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis further revealed that AHLs played a role in mediating microbial community parameters. In conclusion, adding AHL-containing supernatant could be an effective and economical way to accelerate the start-up of anammox.