珍贵树种土沉香生长环境的土壤特性与营养特性分析

对我国野生土沉香4个主要分布区的土壤特性及自身营养特性进行了分析研究。结果表明,不同分布区的同一土层的土壤物理性质有明显的差异（P〈0.05）。海南临高分布区各层土壤容重最小,总空隙度、自然含水量毛管持水量比较高;海南屯昌分布区各层的土壤容重最大,总空隙度较低;广东东莞分布区与广东陆河分布区各层土壤松紧度比较适宜,透水性,通气性,持水能力比较协调。各分布区土壤均呈酸性,其有机质含量和营养元素含量偏低。土壤有效Mn、有效B均处于较低水平,有效Fe的含量均高于临界值;海南屯昌分布区土壤中有效Cu的含量极低,其余3分布区则均高于临界值;除海南临高分布区有效Zn的含量高于临界值,其他3个分布区均低于临界值;海南屯昌分布区土壤有效S含量稍低于临界值,为中等水平,广东陆河分布区高于临界值处于较高水平,广东东莞分布区为临界值的2.76倍,而海南临高分布区则高达临界值的7.31倍,均处于极高水平。野生土沉香叶片各营养元素之间的相关性总体不明显。     

Competitive adsorption and desorption of copper and lead in some soil of North China

The competitive adsorption and desorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in the soil of three sites in North China were investigated using single and binary metal solutions with 0.01 mol·L^-1 CaCl₂ as background electrolyte. The desorption isotherms of Pb(II) and Cu(II) were similar to the adsorption isotherms, which can be fitted well by Freundlich equation (R₂>0.96). The soil in the three sites had greater sorption capacities for Pb(II) than Cu(II), which was affected strongly by the soil characteristics. In the binary metal solution containing 1∶1 molar ratio of Pb(II) and Cu(II), the total amount of Pb(II) and Cu(II) adsorption was affected by the simultaneous presence of the two metal ions, indicating the existence of adsorption competition between the two metal ions. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the interaction between soil and metal ions, and the results revealed that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the soil were the main binding sites of metal ions.     

Seed terminal velocity, wind turbulence, and demography drive the spread of an invasive tree in an analytical model

Little is known about the relative importance of mechanistic drivers of plant spread, particularly when long-distance dispersal (LDD) events occur. Most methods to date approach LDD phenomenologically, and all mechanistic models, with one exception, have been implemented through simulation. Furthermore, the few recent mechanistically derived spread models have examined the relative role of different dispersal parameters using simulations, and a formal analytical approach has not yet been implemented. Here we incorporate an analytical mechanistic wind dispersal model (WALD) into a demographic matrix model within an analytical integrodifference equation spread model. We carry out analytical perturbation analysis on the combined model to determine the relative effects of dispersal and demographic traits and wind statistics on the spread of an invasive tree. Models are parameterized using data collected in situ and tested using independent data on historical spread. Predicted spread rates and direction match well the two historical phases of observed spread. Seed terminal velocity has the greatest potential influence on spread rate, and three wind properties (turbulence coefficient, mean horizontal wind speed, and standard deviation of vertical wind speed) are also important. Fecundity has marginal importance for spread rate, but juvenile survival and establishment are consistently important. This coupled empirical/theoretical framework enables prediction of plant spread rate and direction using fundamental dispersal and demographic parameters and identifies the traits and environmental conditions that facilitate spread. The development of an analytical perturbation analysis for a mechanistic spread model will enable multispecies comparative studies to be easily implemented in the future.     

基于DPSIRM框架的区域水资源承载力综合评价

综合考虑影响水资源系统的资源、生态、环境、经济、社会等因素,论文通过对水资源系统内在机理研究,构建基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应-管理（DPSIRM）概念框架的水资源承载力DPSIRM评价指标体系,给出各子系统明确的含义,以反映系统内部各要素之间的关系。在此基础上,将模拟退火算法用于投影寻踪优化,构建耦合SA-PP模型。并将模型应用于2003—2012年云南省水资源承载力综合评价,并分析投影特征值的历年变化特征。研究结果表明：2003—2012年云南省水资源承载力呈逐步上升趋势,即在当前社会经济发展水平下,云南省水资源承载力逐步增强,社会经济发展的规模处于水资源可支撑的规模范围内。2006年以前,水资源承载力呈加速增长趋势,其增长潜力较大。2006年以后,水资源承载力波动幅度较大,而2009和2011年年增幅趋于零。最佳投影方向各分量的大小反映了各评价指标对水资源承载力的影响程度,值越大则对应的评价指标对水资源承载力的影响程度越大。对水资源承载力影响程度最大的5项指标依次为：生活污水排放量、“三废”治理投资、人均GDP、单位GDP水耗和森林覆盖率。压力子系统对水资源承载力影响比重为26.15%,表明压力子系统是影响云南省水资源承载力的最重要因子。研究表明此模型具有实用性,可为区域水资源规划与管理提供科学决策依据。     

美国饮用水水源地保护经验及其对我国的启示

新冠肺炎疫情对公众健康造成了极大威胁。针对疫情可能造成的水污染问题,各地生态环境部门均全力加强城市和农村饮用水水源地水质监测预警工作,突出了当前形势下饮用水水源保护工作的重要性。为实现安全饮用水目标,美国在法制体系、组织结构、饮用水水源地风险评估和保护计划等方面积累了丰富的经验,为我国应对疫情、实现饮用水安全保障提供了诸多启示。美国实践经验表明,饮用水水源地保护应建立从废水排放控制到水源地风险防范的全方位、一体化管理体系;完善"从水源地到水龙头"的监测与应急体系;构建分工明确、权责清晰的制度体系;完善公众参与和信息公开,形成多方共治的良好局面。基于美国水源地保护经验,本文研究提出如下建议:加强全国饮用水水源地风险评估,严防医疗污水和城镇生活污水向水源地排放;加强水源地水质监测和预警,提升监测预警水平并制定备用水源等应急响应计划;强化地方政府对水源地的统一监管职能,明确水源地管理部门和水源地水厂的职责分工,加强组织协调和联防联控;完善公众参与和信息公开,增强公众环保意识和"主人翁"意识。     

Public perception of environmental issues across socioeconomic characteristics: A survey study inWujin,China

In developing countries, there is controversy over the correct perception regarding environmental and developmental issues. Few studies have examined the perception of low-income nationals in regards to social and environmental issues. This paper looks at the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the groups’ perceived priority regarding environmental and social issues in Wujin County. The results indicated that most residents, specifically the young, government employed and the urban community consider environmental issues to be serious, especially in relation to air pollution and water pollution. Furthermore, many residents feel it is important to rank environmental problems that are related to other social and economic issues, and that environmental protection must be set as a priority in Wujin County. Compared to social issues, environmental concern was greater among the young, government employed, and the urban community, because of their higher education and affluence. In addition, 66.2% of residents consider environmental protection to be more important than economic development. Thus, environmental protection must be set as a high priority in Wujin County, in order to face the many social and environmental challenges inherent in development.     

Perception of people for the risk of Tianwan nuclear power plant

A questionnaire survey of residents’ risk perceptions related to Taiwan nuclear power plant in China was carried out to explore the determining factors that affect individual risk perception. This study proposed to pursue a more comprehensive understanding of factors that affected individual risk perception to nuclear power plants. Covariance structure analysis was conducted using risk perceptions of nuclear power as dependent variable and including interest and knowledge levels of nuclear power, acceptability, benefit perception, trust in nuclear power operation, and trust in government as independent variables. The use of the hypothesis of Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) was also proposed. The results showed that persons with higher levels of interest and knowledge of nuclear power had their own perceptions of risk closely associated with acceptability and potential benefits of nuclear power. In contrast, persons with no interest in and knowledge of nuclear power would have risk perceptions related to their trust in nuclear operation and the government, which partially supported the ELM hypothesis. All these results indicated that the government in China plays an important role in rational risk perceptions, and well-designed communication of risks will help the public to be involved in risk management and improve people’s rational acceptance of risk.     

我国沿海地区港口竞争力综合评价

港口是连接世界生产、分配、交换和消费的中心环节.随着世界经济及国际贸易的快速发展,港口在一国区域经济和对外贸易中的地位日益突出,港口之间竞争日益加剧,因此对港口竞争力的研究意义重大.将熵权法与TOPSIS法相结合,对我国沿海地区的港口竞争力进行综合评价和比较分析.结果表明,广东、浙江、上海、山东港口竞争力普遍较强,辽宁、福建、江苏、天津港口竞争力中等,河北、海南、广西港口竞争力相对较弱,提出了相应的对策建议.     

Perverse Incentive Structure and Policy Implementation Gap in China's Local Environmental Politics

The obvious paradox within China's environmental politics is the big gap between the central government's policy and its implementation outcomes at local levels. Despite concerns about implementation at the local level, much about the role of central governments in China's local environmental politics is still poorly understood. This article examines how the incentive structure set by the central authorities affects the policy implementation gap at the local level. Drawing on fieldwork and document analysis, this article argues that the incentives set by the central government regarding environmental policy implementation at local levels are perversely structured, meaning that the central government provides much more incentive for local governments' non-implementation or poor implementation of its environmental policies than it provides for full implementation. The central government's failure to encourage—politically, financially, as well as morally—local government officials to appropriately implement environmental policies can partly explain the production of the policy implementation gap at the local level. This implementation gap cannot be overcome by efforts at the local level unless the central government takes significant measures to address the perverse incentive structure embedded in the overall structure of China's local environmental politics.     

城市道路土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

文章采用了单因子及内梅罗综合污染指数法,对泰安市城市道路两侧土壤重金属污染现状进行了调查评价,并采用Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中重金属的潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果表明,城市道路两侧土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、As单项污染指数分别为0.11、6.8、1.15、0.86、0.41、0.29,污染程度依次为Cd>Cu>Zn>Cr>As>Pb;各道路综合污染程度依次为东岳大街>岱宗大街>泰山大街>龙潭路>温泉路。城市道路土壤重金属污染呈现Cd污染严重的明显特征,潜在生态危害单项系数达到204,重度污染程度,其余重金属Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As轻微污染;潜在生态风险指数214.88,达到中度生态危害程度。