Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oil-contaminated beach sediments treated with nutrient amendments

Microbial biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the process of bioremediation can be constrained by lack of nutrients, low bioavailability of the contaminants, or scarcity of PAH-biodegrading microorganisms. This study focused on addressing the limitation of nutrient availability for PAH biodegradation in oil-contaminated beach sediments. In our previous study, three nutrient sources including inorganic soluble nutrients, the slow-release fertilizer Osmocote (Os; Scotts, Marysville, OH) and Inipol EAP-22 (Ip; ATOFINA Chemicals, Philadelphia, PA), as well as their combinations, were applied to beach sediments contaminated with an Arabian light crude oil. Osmocote was the most effective nutrient source for aliphatic biodegradation. This study presents data on PAH biodegradation in the oil-spiked beach sediments amended with the three nutrients. Biodegradation of total target PAHs (two- to six-ring) in all treatments followed a first-order biodegradation model. The biodegradation rates of total target PAHs in the sediments treated with Os were significantly higher than those without. On Day 45, approximately 9.3% of total target PAHs remained in the sediments amended with Os alone, significantly lower than the 54.2 to 58.0% remaining in sediment treatments without Os. Amendment with Inipol or soluble nutrients alone, or in combination, did not stimulate biodegradation rates of PAHs with a ring number higher than 2. The slow-release fertilizer (Os) is therefore recommended as an effective nutrient amendment for intrinsic biodegradation of PAHs in oil-contaminated beach sediments.     

Kerogen in aquifer material and its strong sorption for nonionic organic pollutants

Sorption of organic pollutants by subsurface materials has been found to not only correlate with the total organic carbon (TOC) content, but also depend on the types of soil and sediment organic matter (SOM). Characterization of geochemically heterogeneous SOM is key to elucidating sorption mechanisms and predicting pollutant transport in ground water systems. In this study, kerogen, a nonextractable organic material, was isolated with an acid demineralization procedure from a sandy aquifer material (Borden, Ontario, Canada) having a TOC content of approximately 0.021% (w/w). Petrographical examinations reveal that the kerogen has three major types of macerals including bituminite (Kerogen Type I and II), vitrinite (Type III), and fusinite (Type IV or charred kerogen). The solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum shows two dominant peaks, aliphatic and aromatic carbons, for the isolated material. Sorption isotherms measured using phenanthrene, naphthalene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (TCB), and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) as sorbates showed that both the isolated kerogen and the original sand exhibited nonlinear sorption and that the phenanthrene and TCB isotherms measured for the kerogen material are more nonlinear than the respective isotherms for the original sand. The single-point organic carbon--normalized sorption capacity measured for the isolated kerogen can be several times greater than that measured for the original sand for a given sorbate. The study suggests that kerogen plays a major role in overall sorption isotherm nonlinearity and could yield higher-than-predicted sorption capacities for the subsurface material even though the content of this organic material is very low.     

Effect of nutrient amendments on indigenous hydrocarbon biodegradation in oil-contaminated beach sediments

Nutrient amendment to oil-contaminated beach sediments is a critical factor for the enhancement of indigenous microbial activity and biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the intertidal marine environment. In this study, we investigated the stimulatory effect of the slow-release fertilizers Osmocote (Os; Scotts, Marysville, OH) and Inipol EAP-22 (Ip; ATOFINA Chemicals, Philadelphia, PA) combined with inorganic nutrients on the bioremediation of oil-spiked beach sediments using an open irrigation system with artificial seawater over a 45-d period. Osmocote is comprised of a semipermeable membrane surrounding water-soluble inorganic N, P, and K. Inipol, which contains organic N and P, has been used for oil cleanup on beach substrate. Nutrient concentrations and microbial activity in sediments were monitored by analyzing sediment leachates and metabolic dehydrogenase activity of the microbial biomass, respectively. Loss of aliphatics (n-C12 to n-C33, pristane, and phytane) was significantly greater (total loss between 95 and 97%) in oil-spiked sediments treated with Os alone or in combination with other nutrient amendments, compared with an unamended oil-spiked control (26% loss) or sediments treated with the other nutrient amendments (28-65% loss). A combination of Os and soluble nutrients (SN) was favorable for the rapid metabolic stimulation of the indigenous microbial biomass, the sustained release of nutrients, and the enhanced biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in leached, oil-contaminated sediments.     

英语素质教育方法之一——自由演讲(Free Speech)

自由演讲是英语教育中素质教育的一个重要方法，以提高学生的口语能力为目标，激发学生的学习兴趣，为之后的课本学习打下良好基础。具体形式有三种：自我表述式（起始阶段），重在引导学生积极发言，提高兴趣；表演问答式（发展阶段），进一步发展学生能力，提高层次；话题讨论式（提高阶段），发展学生自我表述能力，进程控制能力，达到融会贯通。     

基于超媒体技术的建筑火灾数据编辑器

本文介绍了一种基于超媒体技术的建筑火灾数据编辑器基本原理和实现方法,该编辑器是建筑物火灾危险度评估系统的一个组成部分。     

Removal of 2,4-D from aqueous solution by the adsorbents from spent bleaching earth

The removal of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) from aqueous solutions by activated spent bleaching earths (SBE) was studied at 20 degrees C. Experiments were performed as a function of time, initial concentration, dose and particle size of the adsorbent. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equations were fitted by the adsorption data obtained. The values of Langmuir and Freundlich constants were determined. The adsorption kinetic was found to follow Lagergren equation. Both the boundary layer and intraparticle diffusion played important roles in the adsorption rate of 2,4-D. As the size of the adsorbent increased, the time to reach equilibrium increased but adsorption capacity decreased.     

火球热辐射改进计算模型

为对火球热辐射影响范围进行合理的计算和危险后果进行合理评价,借鉴点源模型和计算流体力学CFD思想,建立了火球热辐射改进计算模型,并与点源模型进行了对比。结果表明:改进模型比传统的点源模型计算结果偏大,特别是距离火球较近处。随着半径的增加,2种模型的计算结果趋于统一。当测量点的半径大于火球半径的2倍时,可以使用点源模型进行热辐射量的计算,满足工程精度要求;在近火球位置,点源模型精度较差,须用改进模型进行计算。建立的改进计算模型可以实现火球热辐射的快速计算,是有效、可行的。     

1株2,4-D降解菌的gfp标记及其在废水生物处理系统中的检测方法

通过mini-Tn7转座子系统将绿色荧光蛋白基因(gfp)插入到2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D)降解菌Achromobacter sp.的染色体上,考察了标记前后该菌株的生长、发光及降解污染物特性,并探讨了将其投加到不同废水生物处理系统(活性污泥和颗粒污泥系统)后的定量检测方法.结果表明,Achromobacter sp.标记前后生长和降解2,4-D特性基本不变,在103～112 h内可将初始浓度约为100 mg/L的2,4-D完全降解.标记后菌株在生长和降解2,4-D过程中都能够稳定表达绿色荧光,降解过程荧光强度/D600稳定在4 500左右.向活性污泥系统投加该标记菌,可通过直接测定混合液荧光强度对该标记菌进行定量检测,在标记菌质量分数为0～75%的范围内,绿色荧光蛋白的表达水平与该标记菌的质量分数线性相关(R2=0.995 2).向颗粒污泥系统投加该标记菌,需要对混合液破碎均质化处理后测定荧光强度,在标记菌质量分数为0～42%的范围内,绿色荧光蛋白的表达水平与该标记菌的质量分数线性相关(R2=0.980 1).基于Tn7插入gfp的标记方法可以用来跟踪检测生物处理系统中的特异微生物.     

港口环境风险管理探讨——以天津港为例

中国是一个海洋大国,海洋和港口的环境保护得到了国家的高度重视。港口的环境风险防范管理是一个较新的研究领域,当前中国港口经济的高速增长必然带来港口环境风险的增加,对风险进行有效地评价和管理对国家的经济发展和环境保护具有重要意义。本文对天津港环境风险管理的过程进行了较为系统的探讨,分析了天津港环境风险管理技术思路和主要内容,对天津港存在的环境风险因子做了识别,并对环境风险的评估方法做了针对性总结,为港口的风险防范措施提供了一些建议。