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41.
Andreas C. Scheinost Regina Kirsch Dipanjan Banerjee Alejandro Fernandez-Martinez Harald Zaenker Harald Funke Laurent Charlet 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2008,102(3-4):228
The long-lived radionuclide 79Se is one of the elements of concern for the safe storage of high-level nuclear waste, since clay minerals in engineered barriers and natural aquifer sediments strongly adsorb cationic species, but to lesser extent anions like selenate (SeVIO42−) and selenite (SeIVO32−). Previous investigations have demonstrated, however, that SeIV and SeVI are reduced by surface-associated FeII, thereby forming insoluble Se0 and Fe selenides. Here we show that the mixed FeII/III (hydr)oxides green rust and magnetite, and the FeII sulfide mackinawite reduce selenite rapidly (< 1 day) to FeSe, while the slightly slower reduction by the FeII carbonate siderite produces elemental Se. In the case of mackinawite, both S−II and FeII surface atoms are oxidized at a ratio of one to four by producing a defective mackinawite surface. Comparison of these spectroscopic results with thermodynamic equilibrium modeling provides evidence that the nature of reduction end product in these FeII systems is controlled by the concentration of HSe−; Se0 forms only at lower HSe− concentrations related to slower HSeO3− reduction kinetics. Even under thermodynamically unstable conditions, the initially formed Se solid phases may remain stable for longer periods since their low solubility prevents the dissolution required for a phase transformation into more stable solids. The reduction by Fe2+-montmorillonite is generally much slower and restricted to a pH range, where selenite is adsorbed (pH < 7), stressing the importance of a heterogeneous, surface-enhanced electron transfer reaction. Although the solids precipitated by the redox reaction are nanocrystalline, their solubility remains below 6.3 × 10− 8 M. No evidence for aqueous metal selenide colloids nor for Se sorption to colloidal phases was found. Since FeII phases like the ones investigated here should be ubiquitous in the near field of nuclear waste disposals as well as in the surrounding aquifers, mobility of the fission product 79Se may be much lower than previously assumed. 相似文献
42.
Suvi Monni Paula Perälä Kristiina Regina 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(4):545-571
According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol under it, industrial countries
have to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions annually, and assess the uncertainties in these estimates. In Finland, agricultural
methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions represent 7% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and globally the share is much higher. Agriculture is
one of the most uncertain emission categories (representing over 20% of greenhouse gas inventory uncertainty in Finland),
due to both high natural variability of the emission sources and poor knowledge of the emission-generating processes. In this
paper, we present an uncertainty estimate of agricultural CH4 and N2O emissions from Finland in 2002. Uncertainties were estimated based on measurement data, literature and expert judgement,
and total uncertainty in agriculture was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. According to the calculations, agricultural
CH4 and N2O emissions from Finland were 3.7 to 7.8 Tg carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents, 5.4 Tg being the mean value.Estimates of CH4 emissions are more reliable than those of N2O. N2O from agricultural soils was the most uncertain emission category, and the uncertainty was not reduced by using available
national measurement data of N2O fluxes. Sensitivity study revealed that the uncertainty in total agricultural inventory could be 7% points lower, if more
accurate emission estimation methods were used, including 1) improved data collection in area estimates of organic soils,
2) climate-specific methods for N2O from agricultural soils as already presented in literature, and 3) more detailed CH4 estimation methods for enteric fermentation which can be achieved by investigating national circumstances and digestible
systems of animals in more detail. 相似文献
43.
44.
The Role of Fungal Symbioses in the Adaptation of Plants to High Stress Environments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Russell J. Rodriguez Regina S. Redman Joan M. Henson 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2004,9(3):261-272
All plants studied in natural ecosystemsare symbiotic with fungi that either resideentirely (endophytes) or partially(mycorrhizae) within plants. Thesesymbioses appear to adapt to biotic andabiotic stresses and may be responsible forthe survival of both plant hosts and fungalsymbionts in high stress habitats. Here wedescribe the role of symbiotic fungi inplant stress tolerance and present astrategy based on adaptive symbiosis topotentially mitigate the impacts of globalchange on plant communities. 相似文献
45.
46.
The unsaturated isoprenoid alcohol phytol is a constituent of the major chlorophyll species a and b and, as such, should be useful as an estimator for chlorophyll values. A method for the extraction of phytol from estuarine suspended organic matter and analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) is described. Comparisons of the GLC method for phytol-chlorophyll analyses and a spectrophotometric chlorophyll method indicate that the GLC method gives values in good agreement with the spectrophotometric procedure. Similar trends in suspended chlorophyll values were observed in Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, USA) water samples using the GLC method and a fluorometric procedure. The results of these studies indicate that the GLC method provides reliable analyses of chlorophyll and, although more time-consuming, has the advantage that other organic species can be analyzed in the same sample, thus providing additional information on its chemical composition. 相似文献
47.
48.
Sheikh Md Rajiuddin Tenna Jensen Tina Beck Hansen Anna Charlotte Schultz 《Food and environmental virology》2020,12(3):226-239
Detection of norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) on fruits and vegetables using current standard methodologies can be inefficient. Method optimisat 相似文献
49.
50.
S.P. Kucera J.M. Swann J.R. Kennedy T.W. Schultz 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):779-799
Abstract The effects of the fungicide benomyl and its breakdown products, carbendazim and butyl isocyanate, were examined on canine tracheal epithelial tissue in primary culture. Changes in ciliary frequencies were monitored with an optical spectrum analysis system. Serial dilutions of the test compounds were prepared in 100% corn oil and applied to the cell cultures for intervals up to 6 hours and frequencies measured at intervals of 15 minutes to 1 hour. Benomyl and butyl isocyanate caused concentration‐dependent decreases in ciliary beat frequency. Benomyl at 300 μg/ml (3 mM) caused ciliostasis within 75 minutes of exposure. Butyl isocyanate at a molar concentration three times lower than benomyl (1 mM) caused a similar response, although within 30 minutes. The IBC50 for benomyl was 0.75 mM, while for butyl isocyanate it was 0.52 mM. Carbendazim caused a moderate decrease in frequency over a 6 hour exposure period. Benomyl caused moderate to severe swelling of the mitochondria of ciliated epithelial cells with other cell organelles appearing normal. Butyl isocyanate did not cause any noticeable effect on cell ultrastructure and the apparently low rate of penetration of carbendazim into cells made it impossible to obtain an effect which justified ultrastructural analysis. It appears, at least for benomyl and butyl isocyanate, that while the physiological effect of these two compounds (inhibition of ciliary beat) is the same, the sites of action in the cell may be different. 相似文献