The effect of multiple mating on genetic relatedness in larval aggregations of the imported willow leaf beetle (Plagiodera versicolora,Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The effect of multiple mating on the average genetic relatedness within socially interacting sib groups was studied in the imported willow leaf beetle. Using an electrophoretically determined genetic marker, it was demonstrated that between 49 and 96% of wild caught females produce egg clutches expressing multiple sires. Following theoretical predictions of Wade (1982), this information was used to estimate the harmonic mean number of sires per family and then the average relatedness within families. Average relatedness was estimated to be 0.38. An alternate form of data analysis suggested by Pamilo and Crozier (1982) did not require any knowledge of paternity and resulted in a slightly higher estimate of relatedness, 0.44.     

Umweltmonitoring von Herbiziden in aquatischen Systemen

Herbicides of the chlorinated phenoxyalkanoic acid group like 2,4-D, 2,4-DP and MCPP, belong to the most commonly used pesticides. This is also true for the Land Brandenburg. Therefore, this substance group was integrated in the current state monitoring programme for ground and surface water quality. Starting in 2001, the analysis was carried out complying with DIN 38407-20 by gas chromatography and mass spectrometric detection after enrichment with solid phase extraction and following derivatization with diazomethane-forming methyl esters. Quantifying 2,4-D considering selected ions in a surface water sample from the river Oder, a remarkable peak pattern was observed. A second peak with identical spectrum was found about 0.7 minutes earlier than the 2,4-D calibrated peak. Its intensity suggested a concentration 10–20 fold higher than the 2,4-D level. This unknown peak was identified as 2,6-D which is a structure isomer of the herbicide 2,4-D. This substance has not been described in literature or chemical substance databases known to us yet. Structure isomers have been found in other samples too. We suppose that the chlorinated phenoxyalkanoic acids chlorinated in the 6-position of the phenyl ring are formed as a technical by-product and show a higher persistance than the commonly known agents.     

A recursive ecological indicator system for the supply chain of a company

This paper proposes the concept of cumulative eco-intensity with which environmental or sustainability indicators are related to the added value of economic activities. The intensities are passed on recursively from supplier to supplier and thus make it possible to include upstream and downstream effects along the supply and waste disposal chain. The process is applied to whole companies and (by contrast with LCA) not to individual products. At comparatively low expenditure for the individual companies, it allows vertical comparisons along the value-adding chain and horizontal comparisons among companies or production locations. This provides a decision-making aid for a company seeking to fulfil its ecological or sustainability responsibility in the entire production and supply chains.     

Hexavalent Chromium Sorption by Modified Cellulose Macro and Nanofibers Obtained from Eucalyptus Residues

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Exposure to potentially toxic metallic elements (PTME) released in watercourses by industries results in irreversible damage to living beings or even...     

Climate variability,water levels,and fish catch in the Upper East Region of Ghana

The aim of the research was to investigate the effects of climate variability on selected water bodies in the Upper East Region of Ghana using time series decomposition and simple linear regression analyses. Data on temperature and rainfall (1960–2015), annual total fish catch (1996–2016), and the recorded water levels (1987–2015) of a major reservoir, the Tono, were used. Time series decomposition analyses were performed on the rainfall, temperature, and water level data to identify their trends. While temperature was increasing, rainfall was decreasing and resulted in a decrease in the water level in the Tono Reservoir. The decreasing water level in the reservoir made fish catch easier, which led to overfishing. Out of the other 39 dugouts studied, 8 (21%) were silted. Also, rainfall was decreasing at 4.4% per decade and minimum and maximum temperatures were increasing at 2.5% and 0.03% per decade, respectively. The minimum, maximum, and mean water levels of the Tono Reservoir were 3.7, 8.0, and 4.9 meters (m), respectively. The water level of the Tono Reservoir was decreasing by ?0.08 m per year. It is concluded that the water level in the Tono Reservoir was continually decreasing as a result of decreasing rainfall and increasing maximum and minimum temperatures. To maintain a much more stable microclimate and decrease the siltation rate of the reservoirs, farmers are advised to stop farming along the banks of water bodies and avoid clearing vegetation. Fishermen are also encouraged to adopt fish farming in enclosed areas within the reservoir to meet the growing protein demands in the Upper East Region of Ghana.     

Phytotoxic effects of phenolic acids from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Merostachys riedeliana,</Emphasis> a native and overabundant Brazilian bamboo

Merostachys riedeliana Rupr. is a native and overabundant bamboo species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Moderate to strong allelopathic activity may be one mechanism that explains this super-dominance and the changes in structure and composition of forest areas occupied by bamboo. This study evaluated the phytotoxic effect of M. riedeliana extracts and fractions and identified their putative allelochemicals. We investigated the presence of allelochemicals in soil collected from stands occupied by M. riedeliana. Furthermore, we evaluated the putative effect of tree allelochemicals, individually and combined, on germination and growth. The aqueous extract of leaves and its ethyl acetate fraction presented the highest inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth. The effect of the extracts and fractions on the target species was species-specific. Neither the individual nor the combined phenolic acids significantly inhibited seed germination; however, a pronounced growth inhibition was observed in M. bimucronata seedlings treated with vanillic acid and in E. verna and M. bimucronata seedlings treated with combined phenolic acids. Isovitexin, vitexin, isoorientin, orientin, and their O-glycoside derivatives, the lactonic dimer of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4-methylenedioxymandelic acid were identified in the aqueous extracts and ethyl acetate fraction by Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Dectector/Electrospray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry (LC-DAD/ESI–MS/MS). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC–MS) profile of the same extract and fraction showed the presence of benzoic, benzeneacetic, salicylic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, vanillic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, syringic, gallic, m-coumaric vanillylmandelic, 4-methylmandelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymandelic and trans-ferulic acids. The p-benzoic acid and the apigenin 6-C-glucoside (isovitexin) were identified in the soil extract collected from under bamboo-growing areas. Even though laboratory bioassays are not completely predictive of the allelopathic effects that occur in nature, the results of this study provide preliminary evidence of allelopathy as a possible species-specific inhibition mechanism of native species that explain the impoverishment of floristic richness and the functional groups in areas where M. riedeliana is overabundant.     

Life cycle assessment of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket sludge management and activated sludge systems aiming energy use in the municipality of Itajubá, Minas Gerais,Brazil

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - This study aimed to carry out the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) targeting to decide the better management system for sludge from both Activated Sludge...     

Biosorption of copper from aqueous solutions utilizing agricultural wastes

The purpose of this study was to determine the copper (Cu) biosorption capacities of several agricultural wastes from aqueous solutions. Samples of agricultural wastes were tested unaltered and after hydrochloric acid (HCl) treatment. Additional parameters tested include sample dose, contact time, particle size, mixing temperature, and the concentrations and pH of the Cu solutions. Desorption studies were performed to determine if the removed Cu could be recovered. In addition, tests were conducted to determine if the agricultural waste samples (AWS) could be reused for additional Cu biosorption cycles. The results of this study demonstrate a wide range of Cu biosorption proficiencies ranging from 0% to 100% removal. The parameters that resulted in higher Cu removal include higher pH and lower Cu solution concentration. Desorption results showed a 58% to 86% Cu recovery rate. Three of the five reused AWS were effective at removing Cu during subsequent trials. Therefore, these AWS types can be reused for additional Cu biosorption cycles. Hence, it is possible that using those AWS for metal treatment could reduce hazardous waste disposal inefficiencies and costs by avoiding disposing of spent AWS following each Cu biosorption cycle.     

Dissipation,half-lives,and mass spectrometric identification of endosulfan isomers and the sulfate metabolite on three field-grown vegetables

Endosulfan 3 EC, a mixture of α- and β-stereo isomers, was sprayed on field-grown pepper, melon, and sweet potato plants at the recommended rate of 0.44 kg A.I. acre^?1. Plant tissue samples (leaves, fruits, or edible roots) were collected 1 h to 30 days following spraying and analyzed for endosulfan isomers (α- and β-isomers). Analysis of samples was accomplished using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a mass detector in total ion mode. The results indicated the formation of endosulfan sulfate as the major metabolite of endosulfan sulfite and the relatively higher persistence of the β-isomers as compared to the α-isomer. The initial total residues (α- and β-isomers plus endosulfan sulfate) were higher on leaves than on fruits. On pepper and melon fruits, the α-isomer, which is the more toxic to mammals, dissipated faster (T_1/2 = 1.22 and 0.95 d, respectively) than the less toxic β-isomer (T_1/2 = 3.0 and 2.5 d, respectively). These results confirm the greater loss of the α-isomer compared to the β-isomer, which can ultimately impact endosulfan dissipation in the environment. Additionally, the higher initial residues of endosulfan on pepper and sweet potato leaves should be considered of great importance for timing field operations and the safe entry of harvesters due to the high mammalian toxicity of endosulfan.     

PM10 source apportionment in a Swiss Alpine valley impacted by highway traffic

Although trans-Alpine highway traffic exhaust is one of the major sources of air pollution along the highway valleys of the Alpine regions, little is known about its contribution to residential exposure and impact on respiratory health. In this paper, source-specific contributions to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter?<?10 μm (PM₁₀) and their spatio-temporal distribution were determined for later use in a pediatric asthma panel study in an Alpine village. PM₁₀ sources were identified by positive matrix factorization using chemical trace elements, elemental, and organic carbon from daily PM₁₀ filters collected between November 2007 and June 2009 at seven locations within the village. Of the nine sources identified, four were directly road traffic-related: traffic exhaust, road dust, tire and brake wear, and road salt contributing 16 %, 8 %, 1 %, and 2 % to annual PM₁₀ concentrations, respectively. They showed a clear dependence with distance to highway. Additional contributions were identified from secondary particles (27 %), biomass burning (18 %), railway (11 %), and mineral dust including a local construction site (13 %). Comparing these source contributions with known source-specific biomarkers (e.g., levoglucosan, nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) showed high agreement with biomass burning, moderate with secondary particles (in winter), and lowest agreement with traffic exhaust.